C OTTO N SPI N NI N G CALC U LATI O N S AN D YA R N C O STS CO ON W A NG AN D D S IG N B TT E VI E ING . y H T TAY o n n W vin . L C an JO N LOR , late ecturer otto ea g d D i nin in the P n and h T ni a S es g g resto ot er ech c l chools . R i n r n W s d u d the di ti F . K Di e ev e er ec o of IL INSON , r ctor of the T x i and E n in in S B n Wi e t le g eer g chool , olto . th 402 D ia r m C wn 8 vo s . 6d net g a s. ro , 7 . L M N TH E E E E TS OF COTTON S PIN NING . W B H M and F W K . it e y JO N ORRIS . IL INSON h a Pr face i B . B . Wi i m S r A D C . E 1 6 D by O SON , , th 9 agra s and I i n C wn 8vo s 64. llustrat o s. ro , 7 . P N I O D P N N B RI C P LES F W ORSTE S IN I G . y W 1 1 8 l v H A D PR I E STMAN Wi I ti n . 8 c O R . th l ustra o s , 5 6d n 7 . et . WI LD A N D CULTIVATE D C OTTON = PLANTS O F TH D : a R i i n the G nu G i m E WORL ev s o of e s ossyp u , framed prim arily with the object of aiding Planters and I nvestigators who m ay contem plate the System atic I mprove i WA m n the C n S . B S r G G e t of otto taple y EOR E TT , M . E C M . LL . D Abd . and . , . ( f m B an C U ni i and or erly Professor of ot y , alcutta vers ty, R eporter o n E cono m ic Products to t he G overnm ent of I ndi Wit P t o f w i are C ed . R a. h 53 la es, 9 h ch olour oyal Svo 0s . net , 3 . J ACQUARD W E AVING AN D D ESIG NI NG . B F T B E M d i in n and C e ti d y . LL , e all st Ho ours r ficate Teacher in Linen Manufacturing and in Weavi ng and ” n D e i nin C i and Gui d L nd n I n i Patter s g g, ty l s of o o st tute . W t it 1 Di m 8vo 1 2s . ne . h 99 agra s . , M AN R N AN D LO N G S G CO . , EE , D N E W Y K B BAY A N D CALC U ’I‘ TA LON ON , OR , OM , COTTON SPINNING CALCULATIONS AND YARN COSTS A PRAC TICAL AND COM PREH ENSIVE M ANUAL OF CALC LA O NS A R CO S S AND O H ER U TI , Y N T , T DATA INVO LV ED IN ADAPTING TH E M ACH N ERY IN ALL SEC ONS AND FO R ALL G RAD ES I TI , , O F SPIN NIN G AN D DO UBLING JAM E S WINTE RBOTTO M H T H OLOGY MA CH ST R LECT URER I N COT TON SPI NN I NG, M UN I CI PA L SC OOL OF EC N , N E E M A N G R E E N A N D C O . L O N G S , , E RN O S E R RO W ON DON 39 PAT T , L Y ORK BOMBAY A N D CA C A N E W , , L UTT A l l r zgglzts r eser ved P R E F A C E TH E aim of the author of this work has been to provide the student with particulars of the gearing in all the machines i d in i i wi d cal cu nvolve Cotton Sp nn ng, together th a metho of T m i d i lating the trains of gearing . hese are acco pan e by su table x nd x e amples a e ercises . E xisting works containing Spinning Calculations appear to deal with this subject in a manner too abstract for the average d I n i d i d i cal cu stu ent . th s book the eta ls connecte w th the l tion s and i in i di i i a essent al chang ng the con t ons of work ng , are l ful y given . The effects of twi st in yarn are introduced in consideration of its importance and in the hope of stimulating further investi gation of its working . The yarn costs are dealt with particularly to assist students preparing for the City and Guilds of London I nstitute examina i in S i i t ons Cotton p nn ng. A u u st 1907 . g , C O N T E N T S TRANSMISSION OF MOTION PAG E — — — — Ascertaining the rate D irection Sizes E fiects of changes E x am ples — and ex ercises 1 1 5 COTTON MIXING — — B ale- breakers or cotton pullers and distributors Their object Types — — fl — — Action s Capacities Speeds D r afts Merits and dem erits E x am ples — and ex ercises N otes on the stack and direct m ethods 1 5 25 OPENING AND SCUTCHING — — — — — — Openers Gearing Speeds Methods of feeding D rafts Lap weight E x — — — — — am ples and ex ercises Scutchers The gearing Speeds D rafts L ap w i — d i n—L a n m i n —C n in d w i e ght Pro uct o p le gth ot o s ha ges spee , e ght , — and n—E x m and x i i i m i and non - i i cotto a ples e erc ses Pos t ve , se pos t ve — — — — draft conn ections N on stop working Controll ing factors Speed of — — heat er s and fans Sizes of feed rollers Overscut ching and other defec — tive treatm en t 25 56 CARDING — — - — — Cards The gearing Speeds D rafts Alterations Functions of parts C ndi i n n ll in efficienc — m flt — in o t o s co tro g y Rate of ovem ent of a s Wrapp g — — — N am es applied to cotton in the processes Counting cotton Card in n in i n m n in c it s in cloth g , cou t g, preparat o for ou t g , haracter of po ts E x am ples and ex ercises PREPARA FOR AND C MB G TION , O IN — — — Sliver lap m achine Object N am es and functions of parts Gearing — — — — Speeds D rafts Production E x am ples and ex ercises 76 80 — — — Ribbon lap m achine Object N am es and functions of parts Gearing — — Speeds D rafts Production - E x amples and exercises V11 1 CONTENTS PAGE — — — Com bing Alternative preparation of laps Objects of com bing The N asm ith m d D and im i i n in n co ber Spee s rafts , the l tat o s ra ge — — Weights of sliver and waste E x am pl es and ex ercises 84 95 — — The Heilm ann com ber Differences of the duplex and N asm ith Speeds D — A in how d d—D i i n —I m n in rafts ttach g, a juste raft restr ct o s te s co troll g — — the effi ciency E xam pl es and ex ercises 95 1 02 ATTENUATING AN D E QUALI! ING (THE DRAWING PROCESS) — — — draw - fram e Objects N um ber of heads useful Object and m ode of — “ — testing slivers System of putting up Allocating the draft s S in the i —S d d n and d i n—S i pac g sl ver pee s , rafts , cou ts pro uct o u table — — sizes of rollers Analysis of system s of roller gearing The arrangem ent — — of heads A m ode of ascertaining the total draft E x am ples and ex ercises 102 ATTENUATING (THE FLY- FRAME PROCESSES) Th fl di and —Th e m : in m e objects of the y fra es slubber , ter e ate , rover jack — — n ecessity for repetition The object of twisting The direction of twist in it s infl n — Twi n n The in in m g, ue ce st co sta ts gear g these fra es — The nam es and fun ction s of parts E ffects of al tering the cone train C n in d d n wi an d in E x m and ha ges spee , raft , cou t , t st spac g a ples — — ex ercises Cone dr um s and differentials Reasons for a differential train fix — of ed value 1 1 0 7 1 41 — Analysis of the action of drawing rollers wi th deductions 1 52 1 54 SPECIFICATION OF COND ITIONS IN CARD ING DEPAR TMEN T — Suitable cou n ts and spindle speeds Preparation defined Coun ts pr acti — cable with the available m achinery Factors con trolling the allocation — — of th e total draft E x am ples and exercises Hank indicators 4 — 1 52 1 54 1 1 , Ful l bobbin m easuring m otions SPINNING — — The m ul e D escription and functions of parts Twist constants Factors n l in l all in —E x m d wi d co trol g the va ue of tra s a ples of spee s , t st , raft , n il d in and d i n— in in m ul D n and cou t , bu er, ga pro uct o Gear g es by obso B w in n P Tr el fal l — J in l w d arlo , Hether gto , latt , ack g, s o roller , ouble d wi in ni n in - off and in -u and m i ns spee , t st g, haste g, back g tak g p other ot o — — Com parison of actual speeds and productions with calcul ated Losses — — in drivi ng U se of the tachom eter and tachoscope Hauk and other — — indicators Tables of production s 156 204 CONTENTS 1X PAGE — — — — The ring fram e Gearing Speeds D raft Twist and other changes — E x am ples and ex ercises Com parison of calcul ated with actual speeds — — — and productions L osses in driving Table of production s Condition s — favourable to ring spinning The influence of twist on the output 204 213 YARNS — — Twi st standards for single E ffects of twist in single Relative breaking resistance in single 21 4 21 6 Twi d d n — The infln st standards for various kin s of folde yar s ue ce of the direction and ex tent of twist l n the singles upon the strength and other — — features of the folded yarn The aim s of doubling E quilibrium in — folded yarns - Features developed in folding To ascertain the suitable twist 21 6—224 DOUBLING — — — The ring doubli ng fram e Gearing Speeds Twist production E x amples — — — — and ex ercises The twiner m ul e Gearing Speeds Twist production — E x am ples and ex ercises 224 230 — — Winding Reeling 247 249 COSTS OF YAR N — — Total and details of expenses E x am ples of costing Com parison of cost — - Yarn from single and double roving Com bed qualities Ring yarn — — Cotton and yarn price lists Cost of power space Power required — — E x tra cost of com bing D epartm ental costs 231 247 I ND E X COTTON SPINNING CALCULATIONS AND COSTS OF YARN TRANSMI SSI ON or MOTI ON The M hod of l in R of Mo io wh n Too h G is et calcu at g the ate t n, e t ear — employed When wheels are employed in a simple or direct i in Fi .