Beyond Priesthood Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten Herausgegeben von Jörg Rüpke und Christoph Uehlinger Band 66 Beyond Priesthood Religious Entrepreneurs and Innovators in the Roman Empire Edited by Richard L. Gordon, Georgia Petridou, and Jörg Rüpke ISBN 978-3-11-044701-9 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-044818-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-044764-4 ISSN 0939-2580 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com TableofContents Acknowledgements VII Bibliographical Note IX List of Illustrations XI Notes on the Contributors 1 Introduction 5 Part I: Innovation: Forms and Limits Jörg Rüpke and FedericoSantangelo Public priests and religious innovation in imperial Rome 15 Jan N. Bremmer Lucian on Peregrinus and Alexander of Abonuteichos: Asceptical viewoftwo religious entrepreneurs 49 Nicola Denzey Lewis Lived Religion amongsecond-century ‘Gnostic hieratic specialists’ 79 AnneMarie Luijendijk On and beyond duty: Christian clergy at Oxyrhynchus (c. 250 –400) 103 Part II: The Author as Religious Entrepreneur Angela Standhartinger Best practice. Religious reformation in Philo’srepresentation of the Therapeutae and Therapeutrides 129 Annette Weissenrieder Aroadmap to heaven: High-priestly vestments and the Jerusalem Temple in Flavius Josephus 157 VI TableofContents Georgia Petridou Contesting religious andmedical expertise: The therapeutai of Pergamumas religious and medicalentrepreneurs 185 Markus Vinzent Christians, the ‘more obvious’ representatives of the religion of Israel than the Rabbis? 215 Michael D. Swartz Rhetorical indications of the poet’scraft in the ancient synagogue 231 Part III: Filling in the Blanks Esther Eidinow In search of the ‘beggar-priest’ 255 RichardGordon Projects,performance and charisma: Managing smallreligious groups in the Roman Empire 277 EmilianoRubens Urciuoli Enforcing priesthood. The struggle for the monopolisation of religious goods and the construction of the Christian religious field 317 Part IV: ‘Written on the Body’ Anja Klöckner Tertium genus? Representationsofreligious practitionersinthe cult of Magna Mater 343 Valentino Gasparini Negotiating the body: Between religious investment and narratological strategies. Paulina, Decius Mundus and the priests of Anubis 385 RubinaRaja ‘Youcan leaveyourhat on.’ Priestly representations from Palmyra: Between visual genre, religious importanceand socialstatus 417 Index rerum 443 Acknowledgements Almost all the chapters included in this volume weredelivered in one form or other at an international conference entitled ‘Beyond Duty:Interacting with re- ligious professionals and appropriatingtradition in the Imperial Era’ held in Er- furt at the Augustinerkloster,14–16 January,2015.The conference was organised as part of the research project Lived AncientReligion: Questioning ‘cults’ and ‘polis religion’,directed by JörgRüpke and Rubina Raja at the Max Weber Center for Advanced Cultural and Social Studies (University of Erfurt), and has been generouslyfunded by the European Research Council (Seventh Framework pro- gramme [FP7/2013], grant agreement no. 295555). We would like to express our warm thanks to the support staff of the Max Weber Center (Max-Weber-Kolleg), in particular Ursula Birtel-Koltes and Doreen Hochberg, whose assistance in the organisation of the event was invaluable. We are alsograteful to five of the original participants, FrancescoCamia, Françoise VanHaeperen, Paraskevi Martzavou, Ivana and Andrej Petrovic, for their oral contributions,although their papers are not included here. The editorial board of Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten has kindlyagreed to include this volume in the series, while the de Gruyter editorial team has,asalways,been extremelysupportive duringthe production of the vol- ume. Finally, we would like to thank NannetteWürbach for her assistance with the formattingofthis volume. Richard L. Gordon Georgia Petridou JörgRüpke Bibliographical Note Abbreviations of Greek and Latin authors, literary texts and collections (Chris- tian inclusive,whereapplicable) follow those of Simon Hornblower,Anthony Spawforth, and Esther Eidinow,eds., TheOxford Classical Dictionary,Oxford 20124,orsometimes, failing that, Liddell-Scott-Jones-McKenzie, AGreek-English Lexicon, Oxford 19409,with Supplement (1996) and G.W.H. Lampe, APatristic Greek Lexicon,Oxford 1961, but maybeexpanded, if it seemed advisable, for the sake of clarity.The reader is assumed to have access to these works.Abbre- viations of main epigraphic corporafollow François Bérard et al., eds., Guide de l’épigraphiste: Bibliographie choisie des épigraphies antiquesetmédiévales,Paris 2010,19–20;thoseofpapyrological corporaare takenfrom Checklist of Editions of Greek,Latin, Demotic, and Coptic Papyri, Ostraca and Tablets,web edition (Duke University Libraries). Other abbreviations used in the volume are: ANF TheAnte-Nicene Fathers,edited by A. ClevelandCoxe. vols.New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., –.The most re- cent re-issue was published by Hendricks (PeabodyMA). BDB Hebrew and EnglishLexicon of the Old Testament,edited by Francis Brown, SamuelR.Driverand Charles A. Briggs.Oxford: Clarendon Press, and oftenreprinted. BK Bibel und Kirche [Catholic periodical], . – ). CGLCorpus Glossariorum Latinorum. vols. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, – . CPG Corpus Paroemiographorum Graecorum (edited by Ernst L. Leutsch Suppl. and F. Georg Schneidewin), Supplementum,edited by Kurt Latte on the basis of the ed. Hildesheim: GeorgOlms, and . CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum. vols. Vienna:Ver- lag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, –; now Berlin: de Gruyter. LCLLoeb Classical Library. NHC NagHammadi Codices,edited by Douglas M. Parrott et al. vols. Lei- den: Brill, –. NJPS Tanakh: TheHolyScriptures.The New JPSTranslation according to the Traditional Hebrew Text,tr. Harry Orlinsky et al. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, . NPNF Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Series , vols., Series , vols. Edinburgh: T. &T.Clarke/New York: Christian LiteraturePublish- ing Co. –.The most recent re-issue was publishedbyHen- dricks(PeabodyMA). OF Poetae epici Graeci. Testimonia et fragmenta. .Teil: Orphicorum et Or- phicis similium testimonia et fragmenta, vols., edited by Alberto Ber- nabé Pajares [Teubner]. Munich: Saur, –. OLD OxfordLatin Dictionary,edited by Peter G.W. Glare.Oxford: Clarendon Press, . PG Patrologiae Cursus Completus.Series Graeca,edited by Jacques-Paul Migne. vols. Paris: ‘Imprimerie Catholique’, – (also online) PL Patrologiae Cursus Completus. SeriesLatina,edited by Jacques-Paul Migne. vols. Paris: ‘Imprimerie Catholique’, – (also online). PWRE Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumwissenschaft (neue Bearbeitung), edited by GeorgWissowa et al. Munich, also Stuttgart, –. RIC Roman ImperialCoinage,edited by Harold Mattingly and Edward A. Sydenham. vols. London: Spink and Sons, – and re- printing. Editorialnote In general, we have allowed contributors to choose their own preferred forms of transliteration from Greek: some provide no indication of vowel-length, some have marked the long vowels (in different ways), others are concernedtoindicate the accents. We have also not interfered with authors’ habits regarding the tran- scription of ancient names. In view of the different disciplinary backgrounds of the contributors, we have thought it best to spell out the names of scholarlyjour- nals for ease of reference. List of Illustrations . One of the therapeutai-related inscriptionsfrom the Pergamene Ascle- pieion, which honours fellow-members: AvP VIII no. ,dated to ca. – CE. Photo:V.Gasparini. Athanks-giving dedication (AvP VIII no. ,Taf. )from the Perga- mene Asclepieion on account of asuccessful (?) phlebotomy.Photo: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (Istanbul). Drawings of the Father (l.) and the Heliodromus (r.) on face of the Schlangengefäß in Wetterauer ware from the Mainz Mithraeum, c.– CE. Image: Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz, Direk- tion Archäologie, Mainz. The bull’shead on the mosaic floor of the Mitreo degli Animali, Ostia (Reg. IV,Ins. II, ). Photo:R.L.Gordon. The reverse of the double-sided relief from Proložac Donji, nr.Imotski, Croatia, showingthe usual scene of the ‘First Sacrificial Meal’.Photo: Muzej Hrvatskih Arheoloških Spomenika/Museum of Croatian Archaeo- logical Monuments, Split. Alead plaque from Sirmium,Pannonia Inferior (SremskaMitrovica, Ser- bia) of type B (Ertl no. B.). Römisch-Germanisches Zentral- museum, Mainz, inv. no. O//.Photo:RGZM/Sabine Hölper. Detail from fig. .,showing the skinning and disembowellingofthe sacrificed ram. Statue of an unknown Metroac functionary from Cherchel, Museum: Photo:Hans R. Goette. Marble sarcophagus-lid depicting asacerdos lying on akline from Ostia, Museo Ostiense inv. no. .Photo:D-DAI-Rom-.. Marble relief portraying asacerdos from Ostia, Museo Ostienseinv. no. .Photo:D-DAI-Rom-.. Marble