HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE I Leposavic, 2015. 1 HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE I Leposavic, 2015. 2 Book: HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE I Editors: Petar D. Pavlovic (Republic of Srpska) Nenad Zivanovic (Serbia) Branislav Antala (Slovakia) Kristina M. Pantelic Babic, (Republic of Srpska) Publishers: University of Pristina, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Leposavic FIEP Europe - History of Physical Education and Sport Section Authors: Airikki Poussi (Finland) Daiva Majauskienė (Lithuania) Andi Spahi (Albania) Dario Colella (Italy) Amalia Tinto (Italy) Dario Skegro (Croatia) Arūnas Emeljanovas (Lithuania) Dimitris Hatziharistos (Greece) Claude Scheuer (Luxembourg) Erzsébet Rétsági (Hungary) Dean Qefalia (Albania) 3 Florian Muca (Albania) Petr Vlcek (Czech Republic) Gabriela Štěrbová (Czech Republic) Stefania Cazzoli (Italy) Ilir Dojka (Albania) Tamás Csányi (Hungary) Juel Jarani (Albania) Zrinko Custonja Kata Morvay-Sey (Croatia) (Hungary) Nenad Zivanovic (Serbia) 4 Reviewers: Jela Labudova (Slovakia) Nicolae Ochiana (Romania) Veroljub Stankovic (Serbia) Zoran Milosevic (Serbia) Prepress: Kristina M. Pantelic Babic Printed by: ABL PRINT, Mlynarovicova 5, Bratislava, Slovakia Book-jacket: Anton Lednicky Circulation: 100 copies ISBN 978-86-82329-52-7 NOTE: No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the authors. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD - ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS .................... 8 A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONING OF THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION SYSTEM IN ALBANIA ..................................................................................................... 24 HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN CROATIA ........................... 39 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN CZECH LANDS .............................................................. 58 THE ROOTS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AT SCHOOLS IN FINLAND .......................................................................................... 72 ENACTMENT OF GREEK PHYSICAL EDUCATION - ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GERMAN SYSTEM (1835-1907) ................ 82 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUNGARIAN SCHOOL PHYSICAL EDUCATION ........................................................................... 93 THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOL IN ITALY - FROM THE PROGRAMS TO THE NATIONAL GUIDELINES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER TRAINING (PETE) ..................... 114 PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE LITHUANIANS SCHOOL: SINCE ITS ORIGIN TO THE END OF THE XX CENTURY ............................... 142 THE HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN LUXEMBOURG ...... 156 6 During one session of FIEP’s Section for history of Physical Education and Sports held in Nis (Serbia) in 2014 originated the idea and initiative for writing of History of Sports and Physical Education in European countries. By exchange of views with present colleagues, the idea was accepted. After consent of FIEP Europe’s President Mr. Branislav Antala (Slovakia) regarding this matter, during the following Section’s session the Commission for leading this idea into realization was formed. Elected members of this Commission were: Nenad Zivanovic, Petar D. Pavlovic, Branislav Antala and Kristina Pantelic Babic. At the same session was decided to start first with writing of History of Physical Education. With the work of stated Commission members, National Delegates and Assistant of National Delegate of FIEP Europe, as also other associates from most European countries, this publication on beginnings of development of Physical Education in European countries’ schools was created. All manuscripts received for this publication successfully passed review process. All FIEP Europe National Delegates were informed about this project, and we received 18 European papers implemented in this publication. Besides, we also received a paper from Colombia about PE in Latin America, which is an indicator of interest for this topic beyond European borders. We hope to include all European countries in following publications, and also to go outside Europe in our close future. Papers are sorted alphabetically by countries which participated in this edition, with Colombian manuscript as a final one. We thank all authors for being a part of this interesting project, and looking forward to work together in the future. With best regards, EDITORS 7 FOREWORD ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS Nenad Živanović, FIEP Europe, President of History of Physical Education and Sport Section, Serbia. When everything has its own time (Solomon), and one should believe this to be so, then it is quite understandable that this book on physical education and sport has awaited its time. Without pretending that this is the final story of this beautiful theme, we emphasize that it is only a part of our smart book (history) on physical education and sport. From different sides and from different angles perceived, our smart book on physical education and sport perceives man and his desire to always be the best and excellent among others (Homer) and constantly perceives physical exercise as the beneficial food to man’s, primarily physical being (N. Zivanovic). In different parts of the European continent, and in the other parts of the world as well, man has been crossing the path of developing its natural form of body movement - exercise all the way to the derivative and modified forms. All this man has done in the reverse direction, constantly returning to his natural forms of movement - training. Of course, it has always been adapted and in harmony with the social environment and social circumstances in which he has lived. However, we must point out one fact. Physical exercise, no matter how it is defined, is not a subject that can be made and bought in a store. Physical exercise is actually a man himself and his movement, performed with the corresponding objective, not only to develop or train some of his (motor) properties, but also because of the emotional experiencing of such a movement - training. This fact alone indicates the complex structure of man. His physical and mental structure, consecrated by the Holy Spirit, makes him a complete man, a personality - one, unique and unrepeatable. Therefore, a physical exercise for him is a wholesome food essential to his being. 8 At the heart of physical education is a man with all his needs and desires. This man, as we have noted, has a need for physical exercise, specific food that is essential to his, primarily physical being. In fact, this man has a need for self-motion - exercise. Therefore, when we talk about physical exercise and physical exercising, we actually talk about the man himself. And this man, searching for his identity, moves from the idea that a person is one, unique and unrepeatable, to an individual – an atomized individual who thinks he is self-sufficient. Thus, between these extremes, a man wanders seeking, above all, himself and his increasingly lost person. That is why education and, of course, physical education is so important. Education and physical education as well can be defined in different ways. But it is not superfluous to recall that the term upbringing (education) is an old Slavic word denoting feeding. Of course, physical education as a part of general education ensures that a physical exercise nourishes man. And from this simple fact derives all the philosophy of physical education and sport, and it, among other things claims: everything for a man, a man for nothing. This philosophical idea draws its strength from the simple fact that says life is the highest value obtained from the Creator and noone, especially an educator, has the right to intentionally or unintentionally, incur the collapse of these values. Hence, the establishment of many schools, and in them the subject of physical education, to make man stand up and show him all the values of life. But, in all stages of life on the Earth, there were periods of ups and downs of the human civilization and culture. Therefore, the time in which we live should be considered taking into account this fact, and in accordance with it we should try to find the best solutions. It is not easy, but it is a sublime duty of the (real) experts and teachers. It is interesting to recall the times of two hundred years ago. Then, at the southern edge of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy a Fruskogorskian monk Georgie, translating a V. K. Hufeld book Macrobiotics, used a term physical education in the title of a chapter. The book was translated into the Serbian language and published in Budim in 1807.1 Before that, in these parts of Europe, different terms 1 More on this in: Milosevic, Z. and Berar M. Tracing the Term Physical Education, Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries, Vol.1, Iss. 1. 44–52. 9 denoting the organized forms of physical exercise, were used. The most common terms used were the body exercises and gymnastics. But this term physical education was exactly in line with the basic meaning of education - and that is feeding. By means of the attribute physical in this syntagm a type of food that is offered to a man, regardless of his age, is highlighted. And that reflects a complete pedagogical idea emanating from the basic philosophical ideas that we have highlighted. The Humanists Turning towards man and his needs began in the mid-14th century. The advent of the Humanism and the Renaissance in the northern Italy established a new view of the world and of man in that world. Scholars and leaders of the new