International Journal of Hinduism & Philosophy (IJHP) The Publisher Bhagavad Gita Research Foundation (BGRF) has been established with the express purpose of ensuring a wider understanding of a supremely holy text of Hinduism. BGRF works not only to propagate this work but to ensure greater tolerance and openness of mind. The Bhagavad Gita offers a route to enlightenment that is open to all, for many of its devotees it is a means of finding the eternal way of ultimate liberation, knowledge, and bliss. Importantly, this philosophical treatise offers diverse paths (the spiritual, theological, intellectual and scientific) that help provide greater meaning to life. Through the study and practice of the tenets and teachings of the sublime book, we are all afforded a means to be spiritually nourished and satisfied. The BGRF seeks to ensure a wider understanding of one of the most influential texts in Eastern Philosophy, as well as bringing people together who have a wish to appreciate life's spiritual essence. We all need to seek and be prepared to question and learn in a spirit of mutual respect, tolerance, and humility. Bhagavad Gita Research Foundation (BGRF) is a non-profit making organization that is registered in UK as a company limited by guarantee. It is an independent and non-political entity that does not accept donations from any person or organization seeking to use the BGRF as a vehicle to promote their own political agenda. Copyright Authors are requested to make sure that submitted article is neither published nor simultaneously submitted or accepted elsewhere for publication. IJHP only accepts and publishes articles for which authors have agreed to release under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CCAL) version “CC BY 3.0”. Please note that authors retain ownership of the copyright for their article, but authors allow anyone to download, reuse, and reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles in IJHP, so long as the original authors are source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers. Subscriptions The IJHP is published two times a year in February and August. Annual subscriptions are on offer for printed version of the journal to individual researchers, students and institutions and entitle them to issues of the journal once published. Student and individual subscriptions: UK/EU £75 plus postal charges of £50 Rest of the World £100 plus postal charges of £60 Institutional Subscriptions: UK/EU £100 plus postal charges of £50 Rest of the World £150 plus postal charges of £60 Single issue price: UK/EU £50 plus postal charges of £20, Rest of the world: £60 plus postal charges of £25 IJHP may be contacted for dispatch prices for special or recorded delivery. All orders from outside the UK should be accompanied by subscription fees payable either by bank deposit into Bhagavad Gita Research Foundation, Lloyds Bank Plc, Account Number: 61419068; Branch Sort Code: 30-98-97; SWIFT Code/BIC: LOYDGB21031; IBAN BIC: GB94LOYD30989761419068 Bank address: Butler Place, Lloyds Bank Plc, P.O. Box 1000, Andover BX1 1LT, UK International Journal of Hinduism & Philosophy (IJHP), Vol. 1 Issue 1 November 2019 International Journal of Hinduism & Philosophy Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2019 www.bgrfuk.org/ijhp ii A Journal of Bhagavad Gita Research Foundation (BGRF), UK www.bgrfuk.org International Journal of Hinduism & Philosophy (IJHP), Vol. 1 Issue 1 November 2019 Mission Statement Bhagavad Gita Research Foundation (BGRF) To work to help others appreciate the special place that the Bhagavad Gita has in Hinduism, and the lessons that it has for the wider world. About IJHP International Journal of Hinduism & Philosophy (IJHP) ISSN 2633-3783 (Print) ISSN 2633-3791(Online) The International Journal of Hinduism & Philosophy (IJHP) seeks to take the reader on a journey of exploration, one that challenges, surprises and provides meaningful insight. With an estimated 15% of the world's population being adherents to the Hindu faith there is all the more reason to examine this world religion from an academic perspective. Similarly, philosophy, the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality and existence is a laudable pursuit. Hence, the International Journal of Hinduism & Philosophy (IJHP) aims to play a positive and purposeful role in fostering greater understanding and enlightenment. IJHP is a refereed journal that seeks to be a scholarly conduit by which academic papers concerning Hinduism and Philosophy are place into the public domain. The journal seeks to provide an authoritative source of information for academicians, religious scholars and practitioners, and those desirous to learn about Hindu theology and the way in which thinkers down the ages have wrestled with the fundamentals of human existence. International Journal of Hinduism & Philosophy (IJHP) the editors, the Editorial Board are not responsible for authors’ expressed opinions, views, and the contents of the published manuscripts in the IJHP. The originality, proofreading of manuscripts and errors are the sole responsibility of the individual authors. All manuscripts submitted for review and publication in the IJHP go under double-blind reviews for authenticity, ethical issues, and useful contributions. Decisions of the reviewers are the only tool for publication in the IJHP. Final decision, is, however, taken by the editorial team at IJHP IJHP reserve the rights to add, amend, modify, or delete its rules, policies, and procedures affecting its relationship with contributors as deemed necessary by the administration. Any such amendment, modification, addition, or deletion shall not be Reconsidered a violation of the relationship between IJHP and contributors. iii A Journal of Bhagavad Gita Research Foundation (BGRF), UK www.bgrfuk.org International Journal of Hinduism & Philosophy (IJHP), Vol. 1 Issue 1 November 2019 International Journal of Higher Education Management (IJHEM) Editors and Editorial Board Editor –in-Chief Prof. Srinivas Sampalli, Ph.D. Dalhousie University, Halifax, CANADA 3M National Teaching Fellow Vice President (Canada), International Federation of National Teaching Fellows (IFNTF) Managing Editor Dr P. R. Datta Centre for Business & Economic Research (CBER), UK; Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Business and Retail Management Research (JBRMR), UK Associate Editors Regional Editor for North America Mark T Jones Prof. Deepraj Mukherjee, Kent State university, USA Editor-in-Chief, International Journal of Higher Education Management (IJHEM), UK Sarat C Das Regional Editor for South East Asia Doyens Institute of International Studies (DIIS) Prof. Rupen C. Bhattacherjee-Pro-Vice Chancellor, PDM New Delhi, India University, New Delhi, India S. R. Sinha Retired Member of the Supreme Court Bar in England and Wales, UK EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr Arun Kumar Saha Prof. Eugen M Manole, Phd Former Senior Project Officer/Unit Head, Agriculture & Director for Business Development with Madeira Natural Resources, Bangladesh Resident Mission, Asian Corporate Services S.A. a management company in Development Bank. Madeira, Portugal Prof Srini R Srinivasan Prof. (Dr) Padmakali Banerjee, Pro-Vice Chancellor and Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS) Dean Academics, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, University of Mumbai, India India Prof. David Borker Prof. Post Raj Pokharel Manhattanville College, New York, USA Kathmandu University, Nepal Prof. Gairik Das Bhanulal Das IISWBM, Kolkata, India Deputy Inspector General (CID), Dhaka, Bangladesh Prof. Atish Prasad Mondal Prof. Salil Sen St Xavier’s College, Kolkata, India NIDA Business School, Thailand Prof. B.C. Basak Dr Akhilesh Chandra Pandey Chairman, Civil Engineering Department, Stamford H. N. B Garhwal Central University, Srinagar, India University, Dhaka, Bangladesh Prof. Vidhu Gaur Prof. Rahul Gupta Choudhury Management Development Institute, Gurgaon, India IFIM Business School, Bangalore, India iv A Journal of Bhagavad Gita Research Foundation (BGRF), UK www.bgrfuk.org International Journal of Hinduism & Philosophy (IJHP), Vol. 1 Issue 1 November 2019 Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2019 ISSN 2633-3783 (Print) ISSN 2633-3791(Online) Statement of Editorial Policy The IJHP is a scholarly and refereed journal that provides an authoritative source of information for scholars, academics, religious scholars and practitioners and those desirous to learn about Hindu philosophy & Hinduism. The journal promotes the advancement, understanding and practice of Hinduism and Philosophy. Manuscripts offering theoretical, conceptual, empirical and case studies contributions are encouraged Aims and Objectives IJHP is a peer reviewed journal and is a research platform for international scholars and those interested in Hinduism and Philosophy. The journal addresses the need for critical discussion on issues appertaining to the Hindu faith, its development, core tenets and teachings, and various developments and manifestations down the ages. Equally, the journal is a scholarly platform for those seeking to offer fresh analysis and discussion that advances the appreciation and understanding of various schools of philosophical thought. The main aim of this Journal is to create a worldwide forum to present scholarly research on Hinduism and Philosophy and objectives of the journal are: 1. To publish thought-provoking and scholarly empirical based research papers that take Hinduism, Hindu philosophy and Philosophy as their focus. 2. Offer academics, theologians, practitioners,