Laboratory Practicals in Physiology Contents I. BLOOD................................................................................................................................................................4 1. Methods of blood sampling .............................................................................................................................4 2. Anticoagulants .................................................................................................................................................4 3. Blood typing and compatibility tests ...............................................................................................................5 4. Bleeding time ..................................................................................................................................................8 5. Clotting time ....................................................................................................................................................8 6. Prothrombin time (Quick-time) .......................................................................................................................9 7. Partial thromboplastin time (PTT, theoretically only) ................................................................................... 10 8. Thrombin time (theoretically only) ............................................................................................................... 11 9. Hematocrit ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 10. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate as measured by theWestergren method ..................................................... 11 11. Blood cells counts ....................................................................................................................................... 12 12. Osmotic fragility (resistance) of red blood cells.......................................................................................... 15 13. RBC's diameter (Price-Jones curve, in theory) ............................................................................................ 15 14. Staining index (in theory) ............................................................................................................................ 16 15. The blood smear (differential leukocyte count) .......................................................................................... 16 II. CIRCULATION AND RESPIRATION ....................................................................................................... 19 1. Experiments on the isolated rat heart preparation (Langendorf perfusion) ................................................... 19 2. Electrocardiography ...................................................................................................................................... 20 3. Characteristics of the arterial pulse ............................................................................................................... 24 4. Observation of pulsation of the external jugular vein ................................................................................... 25 5. Blood pressure measurement ......................................................................................................................... 25 6. Percussion over the chest .............................................................................................................................. 26 7. Auscultation over the heart and lung ............................................................................................................. 27 8. The effect of physical exercise on the circulation ......................................................................................... 28 9. Spirometry ..................................................................................................................................................... 28 10. Determination of the respiratory pressure ................................................................................................... 31 11. Effect of the breathing cycle on the circulation ........................................................................................... 31 12. The cold-pressor test ................................................................................................................................... 32 13. Triple response of the skin .......................................................................................................................... 32 III. EXCRETION ................................................................................................................................................. 33 1. The Color, Smell and Turbidity of Urine ...................................................................................................... 33 2. The pH of the Urine ...................................................................................................................................... 33 3. The Specific Gravity of the Urine ................................................................................................................. 33 4. Quantity of the Urine ..................................................................................................................................... 34 5. Microscopic Investigation of the Urine Sediment ......................................................................................... 34 6. Detection of UBG in Urine with Ehrlich's Aldehyde test. ............................................................................. 36 7. Detection of Calcium According to Sulkowitsch .......................................................................................... 36 8. Detection of Sugar According to Nylander and Fehling: .............................................................................. 37 9. Detection of Proteins ..................................................................................................................................... 37 10. Detection of Blood and its Decomposition Products with the Benzidine Test ............................................ 38 11. Detection of Acetone ................................................................................................................................... 39 12. Detection of Bile Pigment ........................................................................................................................... 40 13. Detection of pus with Donne's Test (principle) ........................................................................................... 40 14. Rapid Strip Tests ......................................................................................................................................... 40 15. The Effect of ADH on Rats ......................................................................................................................... 41 16. Dilution and Concentration Tests in Humans (principle) ............................................................................ 41 17. Counting Cellular Elements in Urine According to Addis's method ........................................................... 42 18. Determination of Clearance ......................................................................................................................... 42 IV. ALIMENTARY CANAL .............................................................................................................................. 44 1. The pH of Saliva ........................................................................................................................................... 44 2. The detection of proteins ............................................................................................................................... 44 3. Investigation of saliva-amylase and maltase ................................................................................................. 44 4. Obtaining Gastric Juice, investigation of the acidity of gatsric juice ............................................................ 44 5. Detection of lactic acid in the gastric juice (Uffelmann's reaction). .............................................................. 45 6. Investigation of the protein digesting function of pepsin in gastric content. ................................................. 45 V. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ................................................................................................................. 46 1. Investigation of Blood-brain barrier and neurogen inflammation in the rat .................................................. 46 2 2. Tendon Reflex (synonyms: proprioceptive reflex, stretch reflex, monosynaptic reflex) .............................. 46 3. Skin Reflexes (synonyms: flexor reflex, protective reflex, polysynaptic reflex) .......................................... 47 4. Investigation of Tremor ................................................................................................................................. 48 5. Investigation of Reaction Time ..................................................................................................................... 48 6. Electroencephalogram (EEG) ........................................................................................................................ 49 VI. THE ORGANS OF SENSE ..........................................................................................................................