Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 1988 Ceremonial Execution and Public Rewards: Some Historical Scenes on New Kingdom Private Stelae Schulman, Alan R. Abstract: The repertoire of scenes on Egyptian private stelae is relatively limited to scenes of the funerary banquet, of the deceased receiving offerings, or making them. About the reign of Thutmose IVinthe New Kingdom, and lasting through the end of Dynasty 20, scenes which seemingly have nothing to do with these motifs begin to occasionally appear in the stelae repertoire: the king smiting his enemies, receiving a weapon from a god, a god’s barque carried in procession, the deceased being rewarded with gold collars or riding in his chariot, and the like. The present work attempts to discern why such scenes appear on private stelae. After a careful examination of all of the known private monuments of this class which depict who specific motifs, a) the king smiting an enemy and b) the awarding of gold sbiw-collars to the stela’s dedicatee, a total of approximately 35 monuments, the conclusion was reached that such representations are not merely timeless stereotypes but actually represented specific events which took place at specific points in time. Thus the stelae function on two levels simultaneously, a concreteone commemorating the original event, and an abstract one in which the scene illustrated is repeated for eternity. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-149722 Monograph Published Version Originally published at: Schulman, Alan R. (1988). Ceremonial Execution and Public Rewards: Some Historical Scenes on New Kingdom Private Stelae. Freiburg, Switzerland / Göttingen, Germany: Universitätsverlag / Vandenhoeck Ruprecht. SCHULMAN · CEREMONIAL EXECUTION ORBIS BIBLICUS ET ORIENTALIS Published by the Biblical Institute of the U niversity of Fribourg Switzerland the Seminar für Biblische Zeitgeschichte of the University of Münster i.W. Federal Republic of Germany and the Schweizerische Gesellschaft für orientalische Altertumswissenschaft Editor: Othmar Keel Coeditors: Erich Zenger and Albert de Pury The Author: Alan Richard Schulman was born in Brooklyn on 14.1.1930. He was educated at the City College of New York (BA in Classical Languages and Ancient History, 1952), the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (MA in Egyptology, 1958), and the University of Pennsylvania (PhD in Egyptology, 1962). He works as an Assistant in the Egyptian Section of the University Museum from 1958-1962; taught Egyptology as a Visiting Associate Professor at both Dropsie U niversity and Tel Aviv University, was an Instructor in History at Columbia University and is currently Professor of Ancient and Military History at Queens College and the Graduate Center of City University of New York. He has participated in excavations in Egypt and Israel, is the author of Military Rank, Title, and Organization in the Egyptian New Kingdom (Berlin: 1964) and has contributed over seventy articles and numerous book reviews to various scholarly periodicals including The Journal ofthe American Research Center in Egypt, The Journal ofthe Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities, Toronto, Chronique d'Egypte, Israel Exploration Journal, Tel Aviv, 'Atiqot, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Alter- tumskunde, Bibliotheca Orientalis, The Journal of Near Eastern Studies, The Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar, Natural History, and Bollettino de/ Centro Camuno di Studi Preistorici. ORBIS BIBLICUS ET ORIENTALIS 75 ALAN R. SCHULMAN CEREMONIAL EXECUTION AND PUBLIC REWARDS Some Historical Scenes on New Kingdom Private Stelae UNIVERSITÄTSVERLAG FREIBURG SCHWEIZ VANDENHOECK & RUPRECHT GÖTTINGEN 1988 CIP-K11rz#tela,efnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Alan R. Sch11/man: Ceremonial Execution and Public Rewards. Some Historical Scenes on New Kingdom Private Stelae / Alan R. Schulman. - Freiburg, Schweiz: Universitätsverlag; Göttingen: Van­ denhoeck und Ruprecht, 1988. (Orbis biblicus et orientalis; 75) ISBN 3-525-53704-2 (Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht) ISBN 3-7278-0548-X (Univ.-Verl.) NE:GT Publication subsidized by the Swiss Academy of Humanities © 1988 by Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen Paulusdruckerei Freiburg Schweiz ISBN 3-7278-0548-X (Universitätsverlag) ISBN 3-525-53704-2 (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht) Digitalisat erstellt durch Florian Lippke, Departement für Biblische Studien, Universität Freiburg Schweiz to the Memories of Hilda Schulman,1'904-1986 Rudolf Anthes, 1896-1985 Table of Contents Preface ix Abbreviations xi Bibliography xiii Introduction Notas to the Introduction 6 Chapter t: The Pharaoh Slays His Enemies 8 A. Introduction 8 B. The Free-Standing Stelae 10 c.. The Rock-Cut Stelae 31 D. rhe Meaning of the Scene 39 E. The Temporal Parameters 52 F. The Venue and Conclusions 57 Notas to Chapter 1 63 Chapter 2: The Giving of Goldas a Reward 116 A. Introduction 116 B,. The Stelae 119 C. Conclusions 140 Notas to Chapter 2 148 Chapter 3: Afterthoughts 192 Notas to the Afterthoughts 198 Appendix 200 Notas to the Appendix 211 Addenda 220 Figures (Line Drawings) 225 Plates 255 1:1: l?reface My teacher and dear friend, the late Rudolf Anthes, was tond of telling the.toµ.owing story about one of hie colleagues in Berlin. I think it was Spiegelberg. It seemed that whenever a student would come up with a clearly absurd translation of a text, or an ingenious solution to an Egyptological problem, Spiegelberg would look at him squarely in the eye, muse for a moment, and then say: "Yes ••• that i!!, possible •••• With God any­ thing is possible", Even this book, but it would not have poss­ ible without the kindness and helpfulness of a number of friends and colleagues who read the manuscript, discussed its contents with me, provided me with both the photographs and the permissi­ ons to publish them in the plates, collated texts forme when it was necessary and possible, and, in general, endured the barrages of questions with which I assaulted them with the patience of the Saints. Consequently it gives me great satisfaction to acknowl­ edge here their thoughtfulness, kindness, and assistance, though I, of course, am solely responsible for any flaws, faults, or er­ rors which may be present: Richard Fazzini, Jim Romano, and Diane Gutzman of the Department of Egyptian and Classical Art and the Wilbour Library of the Brooklyn Museum, Henry Fischer, Christine Lilyquist, Ann Russman of the Department of Egyptian Art of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Herman.de Meulenaere and C. de Wit of the Egyptian Department of Mus/es Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, Brussels, the late Labib Habachi, Klaus Baer, and John A. Larsen of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Louise Berge and Maebetty Langdon of the Art Institute of Chicago, Suaan . H. Auth of the Newark Museum, Wolfgang Müller and Karl-Heinz Priese of the Aegyptisches Museum Berlin, DDR, Peter and Irmgard X Munro of the Kestner Museum, Hannover, Jaromir ~lek and Helen Murray of the Griffith Institute of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, and Geoffrey T. Martin of University College, London. And, fin­ ally to my wife, Dalia and my children, 'Anath and Magen, without whose patience and forbearance this book could never have been written. To all of the above, individually and collectively I tender my sincerest and deepest thanks. Basically I am a historian. My training is essentially Egptological. What I am not is an artist or draftswan. ~e line drawings which illustrate the individual stelae discussed and catalogued in the text are not and do not pretend tobe fac­ similies of the various monuments, but they do show everything of the latter which I could see. In most cases I worked 1rom a combination of studying the original monument, my own photograph of it, and the published photographs of it, but in some cases I had to depend only on the published photograph or line drawing. In such instances, however, this has been noted in the text. In most instances my line drawings show both the scene and the text of the individual stelae, but in a few instances I have shown only the scene. In all cases of the published monuments, the publications in which they appear are easily accessible and are given as fully as possible. In the case of the unpublished docu­ menta I have included a photograph. New ~ork and te1 AviT, 1986 xi Abbreviations ~ J.H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt. ~ ~ Annales du service des antiguites de l'Egypte. Atlas W.Wreszinski, Atlas zur altägyptischen Kulturge­ schichte. Bulletin de l'Institut Franc,ais d'Archeol.ogie Ori­ entale. Cambridge Ancient History. 3rd edition. CdE' Chronigue d'Egypte. CRIPEL Cahier de Recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie / et d'Egyptologie de Lille. fil1 GötUnger Miszellen. ~ Journal of the American Oriental Society. ~ Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. m Journal of EgypUan. Archaeology. ~ Jowrnal. of Hear Eastel!'Il Studies. m K.A. Kitchen, Ramesside Inscriptions, Historical and Biographical. C.R. Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien. Lexikon der Aegyptologie. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung. B. Porter, R. Moss, E.W. Birney, and J. Malek, Topo­ graphical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hie:roglJ:'­ phic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings. H. Ranke, Die ägyptische Personennamen. Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology. Rec. ~- Recueil de t:ra~aux relatifs a la philologie et a l'archeologie ~gyptiennes et assyriennes. Rev. ~- Revue d'Egyptologie. xii Urk. IV. Urkunden des ägyptischen Altertums, IV 1 Urkunden der 18. Dynastie. VDI Vestnik Drevne Istorii, n,. WBrterbuch der ttgyptischen Sprache. ~ Wiener Zeitschrift fdr die Kunde des Morgenlandes. ~ Ze11&schrift ftir B.gyptische Sprache und Alter~umskunde. xiii Bi bliograph.y Aime'-Giron, N. "Adversaria Semi tica (III)", ~ 40 ( 1941 ) 433- 460, pls. 30-42. Aldred, C. Jewels of the Pharaohs. abridged ed. (New York: 1979).