Georgetown Journal of ASIAN AFFAIRS POLICY FORUM Water Security in South Asia: Between State and Society Preparing for Pan-Epidemics of Urban Yellow Majed Akhter Fever Daniel Lucey Transboundary Haze and Human Security in Southeast Asia The Strategic and Tactical Implications of ISIS Helena Varkkey on Southeast Asia’s Militant Groups Zachary Abuza Japan’s Defense Strategy in Graying Asia Jennifer Dabbs Sciubba Maritime Security Deficits and International Cooperation: Illegal Fishing and Maritime Migration for Human Security? The Contribution Piracy in Southeast Asia of Translocality to Social Resilience Derek Reveron Harald Sterly, Kayly Ober & Patrick Sakdapolrak Securing or Securitizing? Human Security in Asia with an introduction by Mely Caballero-Anthony Published by the Asian Studies Program in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service Georgetown Journal of ASIAN AFFAIRS Vol. 3 | No. 1 | Fall 2016 The Georgetown Journal of Asian Affairs is the flagship scholarly publication of the Asian Studies Program housed within the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. Established in 2014, the Journal aims to provide a forum for schol- ars and practitioners in the field of Asian affairs to exchange ideas and publish research that further the understanding of the world’s largest and most populous continent. The views expressed in this issue do not necessarily reflect those of the Journal ’s editors and advisors, the Asian Studies Program, the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, or Georgetown University. Fall 2016 [i] editorial board Editor-in-Chief Brian Spivey Senior Editor Managing Editor Publisher Jennifer Mayer Sarah Moore Daye Shim Lee Associate Editors Assistant Editors Yuhao Du Brian Waidelich Sophia Chawala Khoury Johnson Young Jun Jun advisory board Amitav Acharya Philip Kafalas Saadia Pekkanen American University Georgetown University University of Washington Charles Armstrong David Kang Jordan Sand Columbia University University of Southern California Georgetown University Harley Balzer Christine Kim David Shambaugh Georgetown University Georgetown University George Washington University Carol Benedict Diana Kim Gi-Wook Shin Georgetown University Georgetown University Stanford University Kurt Campbell Joanna Lewis Sheila Smith The Asia Group Georgetown University Council on Foreign Relations Victor Cha Kristen Looney James Steinberg Georgetown University Georgetown University Syracuse University Bruce Dickson Mike Mochizuki Elizabeth Stephen George Washington University George Washington University Georgetown University Evelyn Goh Andrew Nathan Robert Sutter Australian National University Columbia University George Washington University Michael Green Irfan Nooruddin Yuhki Tajima Georgetown University Georgetown University Georgetown University Touqir Hussain Michael O’Hanlon Andrew Yeo Georgetown University Brookings Institution Catholic University of America Christopher Johnson Lynn Parisi CSIS Freeman Chair University of Colorado Send inquiries to: SFS Asian Studies Program, Georgetown University Box 571040, 37th and O Streets, NW Washington, DC 20057 Email: [email protected] [ii] Georgetown Journal of Asian Affairs contents Volume 3 | Number 1 | Fall 2016 1 Editor’s Note policy forum Securing or Securitizing? Human Security in Asia 5 Introduction Non-Traditional Security: Concept, Issues, and Implications on Security Governance Mely Caballero-Anthony 14 Preparing for Pan-Epidemics of Urban Yellow Fever Need for More Vaccine from Eggs and Cell Culture Daniel Lucey 20 The Strategic and Tactical Implications of the Islamic State on Southeast Asia’s Militant Groups Zachary Abuza 31 Maritime Security Deficits and International Cooperation Illegal Fishing, Piracy, and Maritime Security Deficits in Southeast Asia Derek Reveron 37 Water Security in South Asia Between State and Society Majed Akhter 42 Transboundary Haze and Human Security in Southeast Asia National and Regional Perspectives Helena Varkkey 50 Willing and (Somewhat) Able Japan’s Defense Strategy in Graying Asia Jennifer Dabbs Sciubba Fall 2016 [iii] 57 Migration for Human Security? The Contribution of Translocality to Social Resilience Harald Sterly, Kayly Ober & Patrick Sakdapolrak research 67 Revisionist Religion Xi Jinping’s Suppression of Christianity and Elevation of Traditional Culture as Part of a Revisionist Power Agenda Anna Scott Bell 94 Ethno-Demographic Dynamics of the Rohingya-Buddhist Conflict Rachel Blomquist interviews 119 State of the Field: China Studies in the Past, Present, and Future David Shambaugh 129 THAAD and the Military Balance in Asia Mark Fitzpatrick 135 Australia’s Strategy in Contemporary Asia Andrew Shearer 141 One Belt, One Road: A View from Hong Kong Simon Shen [iv] Georgetown Journal of Asian Affairs Editor’s Note As the specter of an existential military conflict between the world’s two nuclear su- perpowers faded with the ending of the Cold War, scholars and policymakers began to question some of the most basic assumptions undergirding the study of international security. How useful, after all, were the heavily militarized, bipolar security frameworks designed to manage the Cold War? What would “security” entail in the post-Cold War era? Confronted with these questions, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) published a landmark Human Development Report in 1994, claiming: The world can never be at peace unless people have security in their daily lives. Future conflicts may be within nations rather than be- tween them—with their origins buried deep in growing socio-eco- nomic deprivation and disparities. The search for security in such a milieu lies in development, not in arms.1 The integrity of the nation-state, in other words, ought to be preceded by the security of the human individual as the referential object in the study of international security. Those interested in pursuing human-focused security identified a new set of issues as threats to international security, such as terrorism, environmental disasters, pandemics, organized crime, cyberattacks, illegal immigration, climate change, and resource ex- haustion. The transnational nature of these “non-traditional” security threats requires equally non-traditional methods of engagement. Proponents of human security there- by argue that any individual state can no longer confront its security issues on its own: it will need regional (if not global) cooperation; it will need the participation of non- state actors; it will have to think holistically about the root causes of instability; and it will have to develop creative solutions that do not rely solely on its military capabilities. As Xiong Guangkai, former People’s Liberation Army general, once said: “Faced with various non-traditional security threats, actions by a single country stand no chance and international cooperation remains the only powerful and effective instrument.”2 While a call to redefine our understanding of security has helped scholars and policy- makers find new, practical ways of confronting the realities of a post-Cold War world, the conceptual framework provided by human security has not been immune to criti- cism. Roland Paris criticizes it for being overly vague and imprecise, “encompassing ev- erything from physical security to psychological well-being.”3 Other voices, emanating predominantly from non-Western countries, claim that deploying human security as a foreign policy goal provides a pretext for developed nations to interfere in the domestic affairs of developing ones.4 1 Human Development Report 1994 (New York: Oxford University Press for the United Nations Devel- opment Programme [UNDP], 1994), 1. 2 “Global Cooperation Vital for Security,” Xinhua, June 23, 2005, http://www.china.org.cn/en- glish/2005/Jun/132866.htm. 3 Roland Paris, “Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air,” International Security 26, no. 2: 88. 4 Pierre Sané, Human Security: Approaches and Challenges (Paris: United Nations Educational, Scien- tific and Cultural Organization, 2008), 4. September 2016 [1] Editor’s Note Asia in particular provides a revealing context for applying a human security paradigm, whether as an analytical tool or as a policymaking goal. That is to say, while Cold War security architecture may lay in ruins in Europe, it is still very much intact in Asia: China is still ruled by an ambitious communist party seeking to realize the gamut of its maritime-based sovereignty claims; the Korean peninsula teeters precariously along much the same lines as it did during the apogee of the Cold War; and the nuclear pow- ers of Pakistan and India have made little progress in their decades-long border dis- putes. These few instances alone should make anyone hesitate to discount the relevance of traditional, nation-state security frameworks in understanding contemporary Asia. It is precisely the juncture between these two observations—the rise of human security as a global security paradigm and the persistent legacy of traditional, Cold War security concerns in Asia—that inspired the Fall 2016 Policy Forum of the Georgetown Journal of Asian Affairs. As the title “Securing or Securitizing? Human Security in Asia” sug- gests, this issue aims to explore the relevance of human and non-traditional security in the regional context of Asia. Of particular interest to the editorial board is the complex relationship between hu- man and state security. How and when do threats to individuals become threats to the nation-state? To what extent are these non-traditional