AKADEMI KERNEWEK Gerlyver Kernewek (FSS) Cornish Dictionary (SWF) Versyon PDF Diwyethek Bilingual PDF Version 23 mis Gortheren 2019 23 July 2019 © 2019 Cornwall Council, Truro, Cornwall, UK http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/cornishlanguage Introduction The Akademi Kernewek Cornish Dictionary is a dictionary of modern day Cornish as used today. This dictionary uses the Standard Written Form (SWF) for Cornish which has been agreed to provide public bodies and the educational system with a universally acceptable, inclusive, and neutral orthography. The Akademi Kernewek Cornish Dictionary is published as an online dictionary but this PDF Version is provided as a supplementary study aid and reference. Upcoming online and printed editions This PDF marks the state of the Standard Written Form (SWF) dictionary database as of 23 July 2019. This includes the changes agreed as part of the 2014 Review to the previous version of the dictionary dated 1 May 2012. An online dictionary, using this version, is available at https://cornishdictionary.org.uk. Feedback, corrections and the additional of new items are the responsibility of the Akademi Kernewek and should be sent to the Cornish Language Office ([email protected]) to be referred on to the Akademi. M (‘Middle’) and L (‘Late’) tags Today’s Cornish speakers use several different forms of the language. This applies to the spoken varieties as well as to orthographic systems. Basically, two positions can be identified, one at each end of the continuum that includes all kinds of spoken Cornish: Revived Middle Cornish (RMC) and Revived Late Cornish (RLC). In order to make things a bit clearer to learners, two tags have been chosen to mark words that are perceived as either exclusively Revived Middle Cornish (marked M) or Revived Late Cornish (marked L). Words that are in use across different groups of speakers with both RMC and RLC backgrounds are thought of as ‘common’ and are therefore not marked by any tag, e.g. pool poll n.m, pollow poor boghosek M, boghojek L adj poor person boghosek M, boghojek L n.m, boghosogyon M, boghojogyon L In the example, the adjective boghojek and the noun boghojek m, boghojogyon are marked as ‘Late’. While in theory RMC and RLC may be defined as sharply distinct varieties of Cornish, the language spoken by many today is situated somewhere in between. For example some users of Middle Cornish-based orthographies (see the following table) will pronounce Middle Cornish long nn in words like penn ‘head’ as dn and say pedn, which is normally considered a feature of RLC. The SWF does not have a bias towards any end of the continuum and tagging is simply meant to help people choose forms that suit their style of Cornish. All kinds of Cornish are encouraged. Tagging provides additional information and makes forms that have hitherto been used by only one group available to everybody. Revived Middle Cornish and Revived Late Cornish – an overview Orthography (Abbr.) Based on the Cornish of... Represents Unified Cornish (UC) c. 1350-1500 (Middle) RMC Kernewek Kemmyn (KK) c. 1350-1500 (Middle) RMC Unified Cornish Revised (UCR) c. 1550-1600 (Late Mid) RMC; some RLC features Kernûak Noweja (KN) c. 1650-1750 (Late) RLC 3 Traditional graphs This dictionary always writes <k> for /k/, <hw> for /ʍ/ or /hw/, and <-i> for word-final /i/. It is recognized that a considerable number of Cornish speakers prefer to write so-called ‘traditional graphs’ such as universal word- final <-y>. If you are a user of Unified Cornish (UC), Unified Cornish Revised (UCR), Revived Late Cornish (RLC) or if you use ‘traditional graphs’ when writing the SWF, please refer to the following table: ‘Traditional’ ‘Main’ (UC/R, RLC, SWF/T) (used in official MAGA publications such as this one) c before a, o, u, l, r → k qw (or: qu) → kw x → ks wh → hw unstressed final -y → -i Order of translated equivalents The following order for Cornish entries under English headwords has been decided by the Akademi Kernewek: 1. Untagged words – which are by definition common to both Revived Middle and Revived Late Cornish – will be given priority over tagged forms, i.e. they will be listed first. 2. Leaving tags aside, the basic order is as follows: a. attested words of Cornish/Brythonic origin; e.g. kamm~kabmL ‘crooked’ < Br. kambo- b. assimilated borrowings; e.g. eglos ‘church’ < Lat. ecclesia c. neologisms based on Cornish roots; e.g. gwiasva ‘web-site’ < gwias ‘web’ + -va ‘place’ d. unassimilated borrowings; e.g. leper, pl. lepers ‘leper’ 3. Similar criteria apply to the names of countries; e.g. Pow an Sowson and Pow Sows precede the unassimilated borrowing Inglond. Please note that this particular order is not used universally in this PDF but will be implemented step by step in the online and printed dictionaries. 4 Abbreviations abbr abbreviation adj adjective adv adverb art article cnj conjunction contr contraction int interjection n noun n.coll collective noun n.dl dual noun n.f feminine noun n.m masculine noun n.m(f) or n.f(m) noun; masculine in some versions of Cornish and feminine in others n.pl plural noun num numeral part particle prfx prefix prn pronoun prp preposition sffx suffix top toponym vb verb 5 GERLYVER AN FSS SWF DICTIONARY PDF Version, 23 July 2019 KERNEWEK – SOWSNEK CORNISH – ENGLISH ‘dhesempis a-ble ‘dhesempis adv at once; forthwith; immediately; a 2 (3) part (verbal particle; used after the subject or instantly direct object) ‘Edhow n.m ‘Edhewon Jew (m) a (4) int ah; oh ‘Edhowek adj Jewish a 4 (5) cnj if ‘Edhowes n.f Jew (f) a bris adj outstanding; renowned; significant ‘ga 3 adj (infixed) them; (poss. adj.) their a bris isel adj cheap ‘gan prn (infixed) we, us; (poss. adj.) we, us; our a bub sort adj miscellaneous ‘gas prn (infixed, pl.) you; (poss. adj., pl.) your a dermyn dhe dermyn adv from time to time ‘m prn (infixed) I; me a droos adv on foot ‘n prn (infixed) we, us a lies eghen adj varied; heterogeneous ‘Ria int good heavens a lies sort adj varied; heterogeneous ‘s prn (infixed, pl.) your; (poss.) their, them; (infixed) a nev adv heavenly she a pe henna gwir M, a pe hedna gwir L idiom if that ‘th 5 prn (infixed, sg.) you; (infixed, sg.) your were true ‘vas adj beneficial; passable; suitable; serviceable; a res adj essential; obligatory useful a sew adj following -adow sffx -able a unn eghen M, a udn eghen L adj uniform -as sffx -asow-ful a vri adj famous; prominent; relevant; significant; -edh sffx (abstract noun suffix) renowned -ek sffx -ish; -ic; -y a-ban 2 cnj since -el (1) sffx -al; -ile a-barth M, ‘bar’ L prp in the name of; on behalf of; for -el (2) sffx (verbal noun suffix) the sake of; in favour of; along with -ell sffx (denotes tools and appliances) a-barth a-woles adv down below -es sffx -esow (female suffix) a-barth Duw int for God’s sake 2 -eth sffx (abstract noun suffix) a-barth dyghow dhe prp on the right side of 2 -ma (3) prn (enclitic pronoun) I, me a-barth kledh dhe prp on the left side of 2 -ta prn (enclitic, sg.) you a-barth woles dhe prp on the bottom of -va (1) prn (enclitic pronoun) him abas n.m abasow abbot -va (2) sffx (place or abstract idea) abasel adj abbatial -ys (1) sffx (VA suffix) -ed abases n.f abasesow abbess -ys (2) sffx (plural suffix; mostly in loan-words) -s, abatti n.m abattiow abbey -es abecedari n.m abecedaris alphabet -ys (3) sffx (masc. abstract noun suffix) abel adj able a 2 (1) prp of; from a-bell adv afar Middle Personal Forms: sg1p: ahanav, sg2p: ahanas, aber n.m aberyow river-mouth sg3pm: anodho, sg3pf: anedhi, pl1p: ahanan, pl2p: aha- a-berth prp within nowgh, pl3p: anedha a-berth yn M, a-berth en L prp within Late Middle Personal Forms: sg1p: ahanam, ahana vy, adj sg2p: ahanas, ahana jy, sg3pm: anodho, sg3pf: anedhi, a-bervedh (1) indoor; inside; interior; internal pl1p: ahanan, ahana nei, pl2p: ahanowgh, ahana hwei, a-bervedh (2) adv indoors; inside; interior; internal; pl3p: anedhans, anedhan’jei internally a 2 (2) part (vocative particle; sometimes lenites abhorrya vb abhor following names) o a-ble 5 adv whence 7 a-borpos affordya a-borpos (1) adj deliberate; intentional a-dhia ban 2 cnj since a-borpos (2) adv deliberately; intentionally; on a-dhia nena L idiom since then purpose; purposely a-dhistowgh adv immediately abostel n.m abesteli apostle a-dhiwedhes adv recent; late a-boynt (1) adj punctual adhves adj mature; mellow; ripe a-boynt (2) adv punctually; promptly adhvesi M, adhveji L vb mature; ripen; grow up abrans n.m abransow dewabrans eyebrow adhvetter n.m mellowness; ripeness M L a-brys ,a-bres adv early; on time; timely a-dhyghow adv on the right absolut adj absolute a-dhyghow dhe 2 adv to the right of abusya vb abuse a-dhyghowbarth adv on the south side M L M acheson ,cheson n.m achesonys, achesonyow , adhyskans M, adheskans L n.m adhyskansow M, chesonys, chesonyow L motive; (cause) occasion; adheskansow L education reason adhyskansel M, adheskansel L adj educational n.m objection acheson rag skonya adhyski M, adheski L vb educate prp facing; opposite a-dal a-dhywar 2 prp from on, from over, from on top of adamant n.m adamantys, adamantow diamond Middle Personal Forms: sg1p: a-dhywarnav, sg2p: adamantek adj adamant a-dhywarnas, sg3pm: a-dhywarnodho, sg3pf: a-dhy- addya vb add warnedhi, pl1p: a-dhywarnan, pl2p: a-dhywarnowgh, pl3p: a-dhywarnedha addyans n.m addyansow addition Late Middle Personal Forms: sg1p: a-dhywarnam, aden n.f adenyow cover a-dhywarna vy, sg2p: a-dhywarnas, a-dhywarna chy, a-denewen adv aside; aloof; sidelong sg3pm: a-dhywarnodho, a-dhywar ev, sg3pf: a-dhy- a-der (1) adv rather than warnedhi,