The History of the Church 3: Reformation & Counter-Reformation - Themes The Reformation The Counter- Reformation Evangelism : the New World Reformation & Counter- Reformation : Timeline 1517 : Luther’s 95 Theses 1611 – King James’ Bible 1531 – Pizarro conquers the 1626 – Dedication of St Incas Peter’s Basilica 1534 – Henry Vlll Act of 1683 – Battle of Vienna Supremacy 1730s onwards – growth of 1545 to 1563 – Council of Trent Methodism (Counter Reformation) 1769 – first Californian 1571 – Turkish navy defeated at Mission Battle of Lepanto 1. The Reformation : Medieval Church “The Church (in 1500) was in rude & lively health…Feast days were celebrated, fasts solemnly observed, images venerated, prayers for the dead recited…” “Church teachings were graphically represented in the liturgy, reiterated in sermons, enacted in Miracle plays, painted on walls, screens, bench-ends & windows of parish churches”. Eamon Duffy in The Stripping of the Altars 1. The Reformation : Changing World Intellectual changes – the Renaissance focus on Greek / Roman culture Humanism : poetry, grammar, history, moral philosophy & rhetoric : not anti-Christian! Nation States : control over Church affairs “Heresy” : Wycliffe, Huss Printing : spread of ideas 1. The Reformation : Early Reformers John Wycliffe (1320-84) : Translated Bible into English. Poverty v Church wealth & abuses. Predestination. Posthumous heretic. Lollards. John Hus (1369-1415) : Czech disciple of Wycliffe. Condemned Church (clerical) corruption, hierarchy, Indulgences. Burned as heretic. Hussites. 1. The Reformation : The Renaissance Popes Calixtus lll (1455-8) : Nepotism Pius ll (1458-64) : Poet, Nepotist, 2 children Paul ll (1464-71) : Papal printing House Sixtus lV (1471-81) : Patron, Nepotist (6 nephew cardinals) Innocent Vlll (1484-92) : Wife, mistresses, several children. Sold tiara. 1. The Reformation : The Renaissance Popes Alexander Vl (1492-1503) : Borgia. Numerous mistresses & 9 children. Nepotist. Julius ll (1503-13) : Warrior Pope. Patron of Arts. Began St Peter’s basilica. Leo X (1513-21): 7 / 13. “Let us enjoy the Papacy since God has given it to us.” Hunter. Clement Vll (1523-34) : Military Evangelism. Sack of Rome. Patron of Arts. 1. The Reformation : Visible Display Pope Nicholas V (1447-53) : “ A popular faith sustained only on doctrines will never be anything but feeble & vacillating. But if the Authority of the Holy See were visibly displayed in majestic buildings, imperishable memorials & witnesses seemingly planted by the hand of God Himself, belief will grow & strengthen like a tradition from one generation to another & all the world will accept & revere it.” 1. The Reformation : St Peter’s Basilica Inside St Peter’s Basilica by Giovanni Pannini 1. The Reformation : Fund-Raising Old & new St Peter’s Financial : Huge cost of rebuilding St Peter’s employing Bernini, Branante, Botticelli, Ghirlanaio, Raphael, Michelangelo etc Financed partly by sale of Indulgences ( led by John Tetzel) & 2150 Papal posts 1. The Reformation : Indulgences An Indulgence releases the individual fully or partially from the temporal punishment due to sin Indulgences given for donations – not for “Place your penny on the contrition for sins drum, The pearly gates open & in strolls mum” - Tetzel Even for sins not yet committed! 1. The Reformation : Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) Augustinian friar, ordained 1507 Obsessed with guilt & sinfulness 1517: 95 Theses, protesting sale of indulgences. 1521: excommunicated Produced New Testament in German in 1522 1524 married ex-nun, Catherine von Bura. 6 children. 1. The Reformation : Martin Luther : Key Teachings “The righteous shall live by faith” (St Paul) Salvation is the pure gift of God’s grace – achieved only by individual faith in Christ “Every act aimed at attracting God’s favour is a sin” Only God can forgive – indulgences are meaningless Only 3 sacraments based on scripture : Baptism, Confession & the Eucharist (but not the sacrifice of the Mass) Scripture is the only authority – the Papacy is the Antichrist 1. The Reformation : John Calvin ( 1509 – 1564 ) Leading Protestant theologian Importance of faith over “good works” Predestination Geneva 2. Counter-Reformation : The Eucharist The Synoptic Gospels (Mat26-28; Catholic & Orthodox Mark 14:22-24; Luke 22:19-20) & traditional teaching Paul's 1 Corinthians 11:23-25 : "This (confirmed at 4th Lateran is my body … this is my blood.“ (1215) : the substance of the bread & wine literally / really changes into the substance of Jesus’ body & blood (Transubstantiation) Luther : Sacramental Union ie the bread & wine remain but are united with the body & blood of Christ Zwingli : a memorial only, symbolic 1. The Reformation : The Bible Early translations : Bede – into Old English (735), Slavonic (863), Old French (1360), Wycliffe into English (1383) Luther into German (1522) William Tyndale (1492-1536) first mass- produced English Bible . Posthumous endorsement. Myles Coverdale – first complete Bible in English (1535) King James version (1611) 1. The Reformation : Printing 1450 : First printing press (moveable type) By 1517 : 200+ printing centres in Europe Used especially by Protestant Reformers for pamphlets, Bibles etc Luther’s works : 2200 print runs 1. The Reformation : England 1521: Henry Vlll – “Fidei Defensor” Divorce refused by Pope - marries Ann Boleyn 1533. 1534: Act of Supremacy. Schism with Rome. 1535 : execution of Saints Thomas Moore & John Fisher 1536 To 1540: Dissolution of the Monasteries 1538: Henry VIII excommunicated 1. The Reformation : Dissolution of the Monasteries (1536-40) No explicit ideological reason Masterminded by Thomas Cromwell Need was to raise money – for cathedrals, grammar schools, universities but mostly for coastal defences 852 monasteries dissolved ; 10,000 monks & 2000 nuns expelled 200 (inc 3 abbots) hanged Bury St Edmunds abbey (which had given £400 pa to the poor) sold for £413 2. Counter-Reformation : “Consilium de Emendenda” Report to Pope Paul III (1537) on the evils affecting the Church : Papal sales of spiritual privileges Curial stockpiling of benefices Heretical teaching in universities Ignorance of country priests Poor spiritual direction in convents Corruption of Religious Orders Pope Paul III 2. Counter-Reformation : Council of Trent (1545-1563) Reaffirmed : the 7 sacraments Transubstantiation : Real Presence Church interpretation of scripture final Salvation : faith and good works Clerical celibacy Abolished notorious abuses eg sale of indulgences, pluralism 2. Counter-Reformation : St Ignatius of Loyola (1491 – 1556) Read life of Christ during convalescence 1534 founded Jesuits (with Francis Xavier) Wrote the Spiritual Exercises Desire to “fight for God under the cross & serve only the Lord & the Roman Pontiff, His vicar on earth” By his death : over 1000 Jesuits worldwide. By 1625 ; 16,000+ in 23 provinces The Jesuits were suppressed in 1773 but restored in 1814 2. Counter-Reformation : Erasmus He imagined : Pope Julius ll to St Peter :” I raised the revenue. I invented new offices & sold them. I invented a way to sell bishoprics without simony. I have torn up treaties & kept great armies. I have covered Rome with palaces…” “I will put up with this Church until I see a better one. And it will have to put up with me until I become better.” Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (1466 – 1536) 2. Counter-Reformation : Reform Pope Benedict XlV (1740-58) : improved seminary education, agriculture, raised revenues, supported scholarship & science. Opposed enslavement of natives. HR Emperor Joseph ll ( 1741-90) issued 6000+ edicts on religious life (inc no kissing statues) & closed 400 monasteries. Girdle riots. 2. The Counter Reformation : War Wars of Religion : 1524 – 1697 inc : 1562-98 : French wars of Religion 1568-1648 : 80 Years’ War (Low Countries) 1618-46 : 30 Years’ War Battle of the White Mountain (1620) : first major Catholic victory in 30 Years War marked Protestant retreat in C Europe Absolutism in Europe : Catholic rulers seek to reduce Pope to figurehead “We must kiss the Pope’s feet & bind his hands” (Cardinal Richelieu, 1585-1642) 2. The Counter Reformation : Europe 3. The Church in the Wider World : 1500-1750 Spain : The Americas : South, Central & North (eg California) West Indies Philippines Francis Xavier : India, Japan, Borneo Portugal S America SE Asia W Africa – esp Congo 3. The Church in the Wider World : 1500-1750 France SE Asia : Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam N America /Canada England N America / Canada Netherlands SE Asia S Africa Denmark S India 3. The Church in the Wider World : 1750 3. The Church in the Wider World : New World 1492: Christopher Columbus discovers the New World. 1494 : Treaty of Tordesillas – Pope Alexander Vl divides New World along meridian 270 leagues west of Cape Verde East = Portugal West = Spain 3. The Church in the Wider World : South America 1519: Spanish conquest of Mexico by Hernando Cortes : population fell from 25 to 2.5 million. 1532: Conquest of Inca Empire by Pizzaro : population fell from 9 million to 600,000. Missionaries learn, preach & write in native languages 3. The Church in the Wider World : Francis Xavier 1506-52) 3. The Church in the Wider World : Francis Xavier 1506-52) Spanish co-founder of the Jesuits First Jesuit Missionary travelling throughout S Asia – mainly Portuguese Empire - & Japan Armed with breviary, catechism & “De Institutione