Fernanda Barreto Alves Memory Matter(s): Assembling Memorials in Post-genocide Rwanda Tese de Doutorado Thesis presented to the Programa de Pós- Graduação em Relações Internacionais of the Instituto de Relações Internacionais of PUC-Rio in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doutor em Relações Internacionais. Advisor: Profa. Carolina Moulin Aguiar Rio de Janeiro November 2018 Fernanda Barreto Alves Memory Matter(s): Assembling Memorials in Post-genocide Rwanda Thesis presented to the Programa de Pós- Graduação em Relações Internacionais of the Instituto de Relações Internacionais of PUC-Rio in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doutor em Relações Internacionais. Approved by the undersigned Examination Committee. Profa. Carolina Moulin Aguiar Advisor Instituto de Relações Internacionais – PUC-Rio Profa. Monica Herz Instituto de Relações Internacionais – PUC-Rio Prof. Roberto Vilchez Yamato Instituto de Relações Internacionais – PUC-Rio Profa. Letícia Carvalho de Mesquita Ferreira Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Profa. Jessica Auchter University of Tennessee, Chattanooga – UTC Prof. Augusto Cesar Pinheiro da Silva Vice Dean of Graduated Studies Centro de Ciências Sociais – PUC-Rio Rio de Janeiro, November 30th, 2018. All rights reserved. Fernanda Barreto Alves The author graduated in International Relations in 2008 at Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro and obtained her master´s degree in International Relations also from Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro in 2011. Bibliographic data Alves, Fernanda Barreto Memory matter(s): assembling memorials in post- genocide Rwanda / Fernanda Barreto Alves; advisor: Carolina Moulin Aguiar. – 2018. 249 f. ; il. Color. ; 30 cm Tese (doutorado)–Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, 2018. Inclui bibliografia 1. Relações Internacionais – Teses. 2. Assemblagens mnemônicas. 3. Novo(s) materialismo(s). 4. Afeto. 5. Memorialização. 6. Ruanda pós-genocídio. I. Aguiar, Carolina Moulin. II. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Relações Internacionais. III. Título. CDD: 327 To Vanderlei, for unconditional devotion and so many lessons of caring; To Lurdes (in memoriam), for the greatest love memories of a too quick journey; To Rafa, for showing me all the beauty of an (ironically) early encounter. Acknowledgments As all work is collective, it would not be possible to assemble this dissertation without help. A pathway so long and with many obstacles that we learn to cherish, in every movement, the value of companionship. Above all, this dissertation is about encounters; thus, I would like to thank those who were part of this affective journey. I have been fortunate to enjoy the cooperation and support of many colleagues and professors through this journey but a special person, whom I also have the pleasure of calling my advisor and dear friend, Carolina Moulin, helped me to transform many potential ideas into a proper dissertation. Along the process of researching and writing, her encouragement, understanding, and intellectual stimulation were vital for developing a thought-provoking dissertation. I just want to express my deepest gratitude for supporting all the travelings away from my comfort zone and for bringing me back when I was lost. I also want to thank a dear friend and professor, Naeem Inayatullah, for being such an inspiration in pursuing an autoethnographic writing and looking for ‘my selves’ into this process; for always delivering warm and kind words even in disagreement; for the blessing of our encounter. Also, for introducing me to a tradition I already love and miss: Thanksgiving in Ithaca. I discussed some parts of this dissertation with many people and they all contributed in some way to strengthening it with valuable critics and advice. I am much indebted to Jessica Auchter, whose comments enriched this research and gave me the inspiration to write so passionately on memorial sites; Jonathan Austin, for always being available to answer my questions and for all the encouragement during this research: “be creative and if things seems incompatible that’s probably because something interesting is happening”; Rocco Bellanova, whose comments on a paper made me look at the rhythm of writing; Phillipe Bonditti, for instigating and thoughtful feedbacks when this research was only a project; Fernanda Bruno, for introducing me to ANT and for calling attention to all the actants populating this world; Julie Shackford-Bradley and Harvey Weinstein, for the suggestions on transitional justice literature and for opening my mind to other pathways leading to Rwanda. To the members of the committee, Beto, Jessica, Letícia, and Monica, for accepting to take part and engage with this work. The Institute of International Relations is the closest place to a home. An inspiring environment, full of people that taught, motivated and guided me through academic life. To all IRI professors, especially to Carolina Moulin, Roberto Yamato, Marta Fernandéz, Monica Herz, Kai Kenkel, Connor Foley, Naeem Inayatullah, Nick Onuf, Rob Walker, Philippe Bonditti, and Mike Shapiro, for very provoking classes and rich dialogues on the international. To IRI staff, especially to Lia González, who is always available and ready to solve our problems; for cheering and taking care of us with such sensitivity. To Aline, Carol, Chico Dudu, Jess, Manu, Paulinho, Rezita, Sérgio, and Victor, for sharing all the tensions and difficulties through these doctoral years, filling my days with joy and encouragement. Your companionship was crucial for developing this work. Line and Paulinho, thanks for the best Thursdays at your place and for always keeping the fridge full of Toddynho for me. To all my friends who understood my absence in important moments of their lives and for supporting me to keep going: Pri and João; Naty and Gabriel; Cindia, Rapha and Matheus; Lete; Cissa; Elizia, Bruno and Alice; Ana and Rafa. To Antônio, Catarina, Luís, Margarida, Paulo, and Ricardo for the words of encouragement and for being the best ‘malta’; now I am available for Bilbao and all Dr. Why nights. To my friends in Oakland and Berkeley, for introducing me to new places and ideas, and, most of all, for making me feel at home. To Luisa and Ashiq, for becoming my family and teaching me new bonds of love; our togetherness can only be translated as a true experience of joy. To Beth and Neil, the best neighbors I ever had, for all the dedication and tenderness in taking care of me. To all professors and staff of the Berkeley Center for African Studies, especially to Tamy Driver and Martha Saveedra, for helping me through this wonderful experience of being a visiting Ph.D. student researcher at Berkeley. To PUC-Rio and CAPES for financial support, fundamental to the development of this research. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001. To Professor Erik Ehn, for the interest in my research and for inviting me to join the 2011 group in Rwanda. I will never be able to thank you for this inestimable opportunity. To the members of the 2011 group in Rwanda, especially Katie Ryan, Emily Kassie, Jeff Becker and Jerry Stropnicky, who kindly yielded their shoulders when I needed to cry, and for all support during this intense, incredible and traumatic experience. To the women of Ineza and AVEGA for sharing their testimonies, love and life lessons. To Innocent, Emmanuel, Ishmael, Manu (in memoriam), and Yolande, survivors of the genocide and examples of perseverance, for teaching me to see life from other angles and for making me understand the meaning of the word Icyizere (hope in Kinyarwanda). To Eric, for inserting me in Rwandan customs and for sharing long evenings talking about life. Murakoze cyane! (Thank you very much in Kinyarwanda). To the National Commission of Against Genocide (CNLG) and the Interdisciplinary Genocide Studies Center (IGSC) for the receptivity and the opportunity to be part of this magnificent program. My family gave me the strength to keep pursuing my goals, supporting every decision even when they did not comprehend my choices. To my grandmother Dina, for showing how aging can be joyful; to my aunt Valéria, for all the love we share and for being such a brave woman; to my cousin Fernando, for the best laughs, even in inappropriate moments; to my brother Matheus, for sharing the challenges of academic life; to my stepmother Solange, for taking care of us with such dedication and for all the support during these doctoral years. To my father Vanderlei, for unconditional love, support, and encouragement; I will never be able to thank you properly. To my mother and father in law, Gracinda and Carlos, for always treating me like a daughter, spoiling me in each and every way; and for all the good wishes and prayers. To Rafa, a great definition of companionship, love and dedication, for living this dissertation to the full with me; for always believing in my potential and sharing every moment of anguish and joy. Abstract Alves, Fernanda Barreto; Aguiar, Carolina Moulin (Advisor). Memory Matter(s): Assembling Memorials in Post-genocide Rwanda. Rio de Janeiro, 2018. 249p. Tese de Doutorado – Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Working within the transversality of memory and memorialization, this dissertation proposes an engagement with