ANALOG AND DIGITAL CELLULAR RADIO SYSTEMS BY DR MAHAMOD ISMAIL 22-23 APRIL 1996 (KUCHING) âMBI96 COURSE CONTENTS ü Introduction ü Cellular Overview ü Analog Cellular Radio ü Digital Cellular Radio âMBI96 INTRODUCTION What is RadioTelephone? · A radiotelephone can be defined as a telephone without wires, the connection to the local exchange being through the medium of radio · A radiotelephone differs from fixed telephone networks in many ways: A radiotelephone requires a portable source of power, i.e. source of power The local exchange has been replaced by a (local) base station (BS) Both the radiotelephone now called the mobile station (MS) BS need a radio antenna which must be suitable for the radio frequencies allocated within the radio spectrum Two radio channels in general must be allocated to each mobile phone for a forward and a return path radio (duplex operation) · âMBI96 A radiotelephone or mobile radio services can be classified as: Cellular telephone Cordless telephone Personal Communication Private mobile radio (PMR)/Short Range radio (SSR)/Trunked Radiopaging Radio and citizen band radio · Frquency band allocated to private and public mobile radio âMBI96 What is Cellular Mobile Radio The term cellular is derived from the fact that the system is configured with a group of radio transceivers serving a particular cell (honeycomb shape) where people can use the service Why Cellular Mobile Radio System? · Limited service capability · Poor service performance · Inefficient frequency spectrum utilization âMBI96 · Cellular Radio Features · At any instant, all subscribers (mobile) operate in a single numbered radio cell · The radio properties of cell are those of propagation coverage and multipath effects · The cell is one of a very large number laid out on a specific plan arrangement, made up of clusters of cells · The frequencies assigned to each cell in a cluster are repeatedly used in other clusters · The mobiles therefore operates expecting both co-channel and adjacent channel interference · The mobile must register with a fixed telecommunications network which controls the operation of all the cells · The network can assist the mobile to be handed over from one cell to another as it moves geographically · To manage roaming, the mobile must be constantly signalling to and from the fixed network · The message channels are duplex and can be voice or data · The cellular network can be interconnected to the public telephone network · The mobile telephone must be frequency agile and carry batteries and given an identity number Differences between Cellular Radio Systems · The radio frequency band(s) allocated to the specific service · The mode-of-operation can be all-digital or analog plus digital · All-digital system allow time division access as the method of having many subscribers within one cell · Mixed systems use frequency division access methods for sorting out subscribers · There are variations of the basic parameters of the FDMA and TDMA systems · Different handover strategies and details of the fixed network architecture âMBI96 Personal Communications · Personal telecommunication would offer all communication services anytime and everywhere by the use of single-identity and pocketable communication terminals · The term personal places the emphasis on the individual user who will be spending his time at home, at work and on the move · The term Personal Communication System (PCS) and Personal Communication Network (PCN) are synonymous and often used interchangeably · The term PCN as preferred by European refers to a concept where a person can use a single communicator anywhere in the world · PCS as preferred by Americans refers to a service that may not embody all of the PCN concept, but is more personalised than present cellular radio · Key requirements determining the design criteria of PCN/PCS: economic, wide area, contiguous coverage mobility at speed within the services areas high spectral efficiency and capacity quality and reliability small lightweight handheld and low power handsets low cost or charge advanced services function Third Generation Systems · Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System (FPLMTS) Aim to unify the diverse systems today into a radio infrastructure capable of offering a wide range of services in many different operating environments âMBI96 A small, lightweight and convenient pocket communicator that can provides terminal mobility Operating environment covers very small office indoor cells with high capacity all the way through large outdoor terrestrial cells to satellite coverage. Users have a variety of speed from stationary to high speed train at 300 km/h Wide range of information such as speech, audio, data, text, image and video · Universal Mobile telecommunication Systems (UMTS) · Future Personal Telecommunications (FPTC) · Satellite Personal Communication Systems (SPCN) Traffic Requirements · Residential use at 0.05 E per terminal: 150 E/km2 (Suburban) 200 E/km2 (Urban) · Business use at 0.2 E per terminal: 3000 E/km2 (Low Building Density) 30,000 E/km2 (Medium Building Density) 120,000 E/km2 (High Building Density, 20 Floors) · Telepoints use at 0.1 E per terminal: 900 E/km2 (e.g. Railway terminal) 1,800 E/km2 (e.g. Medium size airport terminal) 5,500 E/km2 (e.g. Large airport terminal) âMBI96 Evolution Towards Personal Communication 1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation (Extended)/ Total Digital AMPS (D- Access Communication AMPS/IS-54) System Qualcomm CDMA (IS-95) (ETACS/TACS) Groupe Speciale Mobile Nordic Mobile (GSM) Telephone at 450 and Digital Cellular (CD-900) Cellular 900 (NMT 450 and Japanese Digital Cellular NMT900) (JDC) Advanced Mobile Phone American Digital Cellular Universal Mobile System (AMPS) (ADC) Telecommunication Germany & Portugal Digital Cellular System at System (UMTS) Cellular (C450) 1800 MHz (DCS1800) Future Public Land France Radiocom 2000 Mobile (RC2000) Telecommunication Italy Cellular (RMTS) System (FPLMTS) German Analogue International Mobile Network (C-NET) Telecommunication Japanese TACS for year 2000 around (J-TACS) frequency band 2000 MHz (IMT-2000) 1st Generation Cordless Digital European Cordless Satellite PCN Cordless Telephone (CT-1) Telephone (DECT) (SPCN) 2nd Generation Cordless LEO: Iridium, Telephone (CT-2/ Globalstar Telepoint) MEO: Odyssey, MAGSS-1Y Private Mobile Trans-European Trunked Radio (PMR) RAdio (TETRA) Wireless LAN ALTAIR Paging European Radio MEssaging System (ERMES) Mobile Satellite Terrestrial Flight Telephone System (TFTS) Land : EUTELTRACS, PRODAT âMBI96 Cellular/Personal Communications in Malaysia NAME OF LICENSEE SCOPE OF SERVICES Telekom Malaysia Berhad Analogue Cellular Service ATUR 450 using NMT 450 MHz System Cellular Communication Network Analogue Cellular Service ART 900 (M) Sdn. Bhd. using ETACS 900 MHz System Mobikom Sdn. Bhd. Analogue/Digital Cellular Service Mobifon 800 using AMPS 800 MHz System Binariang Sdn. Bhd. Digital Cellular Service using GSM 900 MHz System Electronic & Telematique (M) Sdn. Digital Cellular/PCS/PCN 1500 using Bhd. (Sub. of Sapura Holdings) Japanese PDC1500 MHz System MRCB Telecommunications Sdn. PCS using DCS 1800 MHz System Bhd. Mutiara Telecommunications Sdn. PCS using DCS 1800 MHz System Bhd. âMBI96 SUBSCRIBERS GROWTH · In Malaysia · In Japan (February 1996) CELLULAR PHS TOTAL 9,360,000 1,017,000 10,377,000 âMBI96 CELLULAR PHONES DATE SUBSCRIBERS DATE SUBSCRIBERS MARCH 1989 242,888 MAY 1995 4,922,130 MARCH 1990 489,558 JUNE 1995 5,346,706 MARCH 1991 868,078 JULY 1995 5,820,242 MARCH 1992 1,378,108 AUG. 1995 6,231,017 MARCH 1993 1,712,545 SEPT. 1995 6,669,905 MARCH 1994 2,131,367 OCT. 1995 7,071,342 MARCH 1995 4,331,369 NOV. 1995 7,474,590 APRIL 1995 4,646,588 DEC. 1995 8,051,892 JAN. 1996 8,670,146 PERSONAL HANDY PHONE SYSTEM (PHS) DATE SUBSCRIBER JUL.1995 81,203 AUG.1995 112,787 SEP.1995 132,507 OCT.1995 363,746 NOV.1995 481,837 DEC.1995 615,032 JAN.1996 713,064 âMBI96 Research In Cellular/Personal Communications · The Commission of the European Community (RACE) air interface issues e.g. Code Division Testbed (CODIT) and Advanced TDMA (ATDMA) network problems e.g. Mobile Network (MONET) and Advanced Planning Methods and Tools for Third Generation Mobile Radio Network (PLATON) services e.g. Mobile Audio-Visual Terminal (MAVT) and Mobile Broadband Services (MBS) Technology in Smart Antennas for Universal Advanced Mobile Infrastructure (TSUNAMI) · European CO-operation in the field of Scientific and Technical research (COST) Fundamental research e.g. COST 231 (Evolution of Land Mobile Radio (Including Personal) Communication) · United Kingdom LINK Personal Communication Programme Collaborative research among universities and industry · International Telecommunication Union (ITU) e.g. ITU-M consists of Task Group âMBI96 CELLULAR OVERVIEW Cellular Concept · Area to be provided with radio coverage by a radio base station (RBS) is divided cells represented by a regular hexagon · There are two types of cell: omni-directional and sectorized (uni-directional) cell. · In an omni-directional cell, the RBS is equipped with an antenna system that transmits and receives equally well in all directions. A theoretical circular shape of coverage will be achieved with this antenna · Circular shapes have overlapped areas which make the drawing unclear while the hexagonal-shaped cells fit the planned area nicely · In sectorized cell, the RBS is equipped with an antenna system that transmits and receives strong signal strength in the direction where it is pointed. The RBS also can