Understanding the Globalization of Intelligence Also by Adam D.M. Svendsen Intelligence Cooperation and the War on Terror: Anglo-American Security Relations after 9/11 The Professionalization of Intelligence Cooperation: Fashioning Method out of Mayhem Understanding the Globalization of Intelligence Adam D.M. Svendsen Intelligence and Defence Strategist, Educator and Researcher © Adam D.M. Svendsen 2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–0–230–36071–6 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 ISBN 978-1-349-34807-7 ISBN 978-1-137-28331-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137283313 To my parents, Penny and David Svendsen This page intentionally left blank Contents Illustration and Plates viii Abbreviations and Acronyms ix Source Abbreviations xiii Author Notes xvii Acknowledgements xviii Preface: Intelligence and Globalization xix Part I Background 1 Unpacking Intelligence and Liaison: Understanding basics, drivers and underlying mechanisms 3 Part II The Globalization of Intelligence in Action 2 The Burgeoning Globalization of Intelligence: Intelligence cooperation in practice 27 3 Overview: From intelligence to globalized intelligence during an era of terror, crises, and organized crime 74 4 Anatomy and Introducing Theory: Why ‘reach’ matters 99 Part III Conclusions 5 Where Next?: Suggestions for the future 119 6 Clarifying the Globalization Nexus: Explaining the ‘globalization of intelligence’ in the broader context and theory conclusions 133 Notes 156 Select Bibliography 203 Index 232 vii Illustration and Plates Figure 4.1 An international intelligence liaison relationship in operation in theory 104 Plates 1 Donald Rumsfeld talks to members of the RAF 2 Donald Rumsfeld holds discussions with Geoff Hoon (right) and Sir Christopher Meyer 3 British Admiral Lord Michael Boyce inspects US troops with US General Richard B. Myers 4 Donald Rumsfeld selects a question while Geoff Hoon looks on 5 Donald Rumsfeld and Geoff Hoon hold talks 6 Donald Rumsfeld and Jack Straw hold discussions 7 Tony Blair and Condoleezza Rice pose for the press 8 US and British troops deploy together viii Abbreviations and Acronyms 9/11 11 September 2001 – Terrorist attacks on the US 7/7 7 July 2005 – London bombings 21/7 21 July 2005 – Attempted London bombings ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ‘C’ Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (UK) C4I[SR] Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence/Information [Surveillance and Reconnaissance] CBRNE Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and (high-yield) Explosive agents/weapons (WMD) CI Counter-Intelligence CIA Central Intelligence Agency (US) COBRA Cabinet Office Briefing Room ‘A’ (UK) COIN Counter-insurgency COMSEC Communications security CP Counter-proliferation CSEC Communications Security Establishment of Canada CSIS Canadian Security Intelligence Service CT Counter-terrorism CTC Counter-Terrorism Center (US CIA) DCI Director of Central Intelligence (US) DHS Department of Homeland Security (US) DIA Defense Intelligence Agency (US) DIS Defence Intelligence Staff (UK) DNI Director of National Intelligence (US) DoD Department of Defense/the Pentagon (US) DoJ Department of Justice (US) ECHR European Convention on Human Rights ELINT Electronic intelligence ix x Abbreviations and Acronyms EU European Union EUCOM European Command, RAF Molesworth, Cambridgeshire, UK (US) FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation (US) FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK) FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency (US) G8 Group of Eight GCHQ Government Communications Headquarters (UK) GEOINT Geospatial intelligence HEU Highly Enriched Uranium HUMINT Human intelligence IA Information assurance IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency (UN) IC Intelligence community ICT Information and Computing/Communications Technology IISS The International Institute for Strategic Studies IMINT Imagery intelligence INFOSEC Information security IP Internet Protocol IR International Relations ISC Intelligence and Security Committee (UK) IS[TA]R Intelligence, Surveillance [Target Acquisition] and Reconnaissance JAC Joint Analysis Center, EUCOM (US) JIC Joint Intelligence Committee (UK) JTAC Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre (UK) ‘Legat’ FBI Legal Attaché (US) M4IS Multinational, Multiagency, Multidisciplinary, Multidomain Information Sharing MASINT Measurement and signature intelligence MILINT/MI Military Intelligence MI5 The Security Service (UK) Abbreviations and Acronyms xi MI6 The Secret Intelligence Service (UK) MLAT (1) UK-USUK–US Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty MLAT (2) Multilateral Legal Assistance Treaty MoD Ministry of Defence (UK) MoU Memorandum of Understanding MP Member of Parliament (UK) NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NCTC National Counterterrorism Center (US) NGO Non-governmental organization NIC National Intelligence Council (US) NIE National Intelligence Estimate (US) NPT (Nuclear) Non-Proliferation Treaty NSA (1) National Security Agency (US) NSA (2) National Security Adviser (US) NSC National Security Council (US) ODNI Office of the Director of National Intelligence (US) OPSEC Operations security ORCON Originator Control OSC Open Source Center (US) OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSINF Open source information OSINT Open source intelligence PKI Peacekeeping Intelligence PM Prime Minister PR Public relations PSCI Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (US) PSI Proliferation Security Initiative (US) RAF Royal Air Force (UK) RESINT Research-originating intelligence RMA Revolution in Military Affairs RUSI Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (UK) xii Abbreviations and Acronyms SAS Special Air Service (UK) SBS Special Boat Service (UK) SF Special Forces (see also SOF) SIGINT Signals intelligence SIPRNet Secret Internet Protocol Router Network (US) SIS Secret Intelligence Service or MI6 (UK) SitCen European Union Joint Situation Centre SO15 Police Counter-Terrorism Command (UK) SOCA Serious Organised Crime Agency (UK) SOCOM Special Operations Command, Tampa, Florida (US) SOF Special Operations Forces SOIA Security Of Information Agreement (US) SSCI Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (US) SSR Security Sector Reform TTIC Terrorist Threat Integration Center, later NCTC (US) UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (‘Drone’) UK United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland UKUSA ‘Five-eyes’ (UK, US, Australia, Canada and New Zealand) SIGINT arrangement UN United Nations UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNSC United Nations Security Council UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution US United States of America WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction WoT ‘War on Terror’ or ‘War on Terrorism’ or ‘Global War on Terror’ (GWoT) Source Abbreviations ACA Arms Control Association AFP Agence France-Presse newswire AFPI American Foreign Policy Interests AP Associated Press newswire AR Annual Report BAS Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists BASIC British American Security Information Council BBC BBC News Online BJPIR British Journal of Politics and International Relations Brookings Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. CFR US Council on Foreign Relations, New York CH Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London CL&SC Crime, Law & Social Change CNN CNN.com CNPP Carnegie Non-Proliferation Programme CREST CIA Research Tool (US) CRIA Cambridge Review of International Affairs CRS Congressional Research Service Report for Congress CS Comparative Strategy CSI CIA Studies in Intelligence CSP Contemporary Security Policy CUP Cambridge University Press DH Diplomatic History DT/ST Daily Telegraph/Sunday Telegraph (UK) FA Foreign Affairs FAS_SN Secrecy News, published by the Federation of American Scientists (US) xiii xiv Source Abbreviations FP Foreign Policy FT Financial Times GSN Global Security Newswire GU The Guardian HIR Harvard International