The Deep Ocean Reef Relief Coral Camp DEEP OCEAN: How much do we know? ● 95% of Earth’s oceans remain unexplored ● Most unexplored areas are below 200 meters ● We know more about the moon than we do about the deep ocean ● 17 fish, 6 sea slug, 4 eel, and 2 coral species were discovered in 2019 alone DEEP OCEAN: Ocean Zones ● Different scientists divide ocean zones differently, depending on their goals ○ Marine biologists ○ Marine geologists ● Water depth determines what kind of creatures can live in different parts of the ocean ○ Sunlight ○ Pressure DEEP OCEAN: Ocean Zones ● Water depth ○ The Photic Zone ○ The Aphotic Zone ○ The Abyssal Zone DEEP OCEAN: DEEP DIVER SPECIES ● Emperor Penguin ● Leatherback Turtle ● Sperm Whale ○ 1,745 ft ○ 4,200 ft ○ 10,00 ft DEEP OCEAN: DEEP DIVER SPECIES ● Cuvier’s Beaked Whale ○ 10,000 ft Saw sharks, 2020 Bubblegum coral, 2019 Eurthyenes plasticus, Elephant octopus, 2014 2020 Frilled shark Gulper Eel Munnopis Isopod Squidworm Yeti Crab DEEP OCEAN: DEEP Creature Characteristics● Large, extremely sensitive eyes ● Blindness, tiny eyes ● Huge mouths and teeth ● Red bodies ● Transparent bodies ● Lateral line sense organs ● Bioluminescence Bioluminescence Video .48-1.30 DEEP OCEAN: DEEP Creature Characteristics● Bioluminescence ○ Organisms create their own light ○ One of the most common adaptations in the deep ocean ○ Found in bacteria, fish, starfish, jellyfish, sharks, cephalopods, etc. ○ Can be used to… ■ distract predators ■ lure prey ■ attract mates ■ signal alarm ■ One study by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute found that three quarters of animals off the coast of Monterey Bay, California were bioluminescent DEEP OCEAN: DEEP Creature Examples Cockatoo Squid ● Galiteuthis phyllura ● Transparent ● Special cells for camouflage ● Predator cephalopod ● Encyclopedia of Life Entry DEEP OCEAN: DEEP Creature Examples Whalefish ● Cetomimus hempeli ● Bright red ● Huge mouth ● Gender dimorphism: males “bignose fish” ● Smithsonian on Whalefish DEEP OCEAN: DEEP Creature Examples Sea Sapphires ● Different subspecies ● Copepods ● Related to beetles ● Can become invisible using special reflective cells ● Bioluminescent DEEP OCEAN: DEEP Creature Examples Atolla Jellyfish ● Atolla wyvillei ● Red ● Sometimes called the “alarm jellyfish” ● Releases bioluminescent liquid into the water to call for help/signal distress DEEP OCEAN: THE Earth’s DeepestDeep Sea Demonstration Point Mariana Trench ● About 7 miles deep ● Subduction zone ● In the pacific, east of Japan ● Deepest point on Earth Challenger Deep James Cameron ● Deep Sea Challenger Dive ○ 2012 ○ First person to dive 6.8 miles into the Mariana Trench ○ In 2019, a dive 7 miles deep into the Trench by Victor Viscovo found a plastic bag .