NIST Special Publication 800-81-2 Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Deployment Guide Ramaswamy Chandramouli Scott Rose C O M P U T E R S E C U R I T Y NIST Special Publication 800-81-2 Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Deployment Guide Ramaswamy Chandramouli Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory Scott Rose Advanced Network Technology Division Information Technology Laboratory September 2013 U.S. Department of Commerce Penny Pritzker, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Patrick D. Gallagher, Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Director Authority This publication has been developed by NIST to further its statutory responsibilities under the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA), Public Law (P.L.) 107-347. NIST is responsible for developing information security standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements for Federal information systems, but such standards and guidelines shall not apply to national security systems without the express approval of appropriate Federal officials exercising policy authority over such systems. This guideline is consistent with the requirements of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-130, Section 8b(3), Securing Agency Information Systems, as analyzed in Circular A-130, Appendix IV: Analysis of Key Sections. Supplemental information is provided in Circular A-130, Appendix III, Security of Federal Automated Information Resources. Nothing in this publication should be taken to contradict the standards and guidelines made mandatory and binding on Federal agencies by the Secretary of Commerce under statutory authority. Nor should these guidelines be interpreted as altering or superseding the existing authorities of the Secretary of Commerce, Director of the OMB, or any other Federal official. This publication may be used by nongovernmental organizations on a voluntary basis and is not subject to copyright in the United States. Attribution would, however, be appreciated by NIST. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-81-2 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 800-81-2 126 Pages (September 2013) CODEN: NSPUE2 Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by NIST, nor is it inte nded to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. There may be references in this publication to other publications currently under development by NIST in accordance with its assigned statutory responsibilities. The information in this publication, including concepts and methodologies, may be used by Federal agencies even before the completion of such companion publications. Thus, until each publication is completed, current requirements, guidelines, and procedures, where they exist, remain operative. For planning and transition purposes, Federal agencies may wish to closely follow the development of these new publications by NIST. Organizations are encouraged to review all draft publications during public comment periods and provide feedback to NIST. All NIST Computer Security Division publications, other than the ones noted above, are available at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications. ii SECURE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS) DEPLOYMENT GUIDE Reports on Computer Systems Technology The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation’s measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL’s responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in Federal information systems. The Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL’s research, guidelines, and outreach efforts in information system security, and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations. Abstract The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed computing system that enables access to Internet resources by user-friendly domain names rather than IP addresses, by translating domain names to IP addresses and back. The DNS infrastructure is made up of computing and communication entities called Name Servers each of which contains information about a small portion of the domain name space. The domain name data provided by DNS is intended to be available to any computer located anywhere in the Internet.This document provides deployment guidelines for securing DNS within an enterprise. Because DNS data is meant to be public, preserving the confidentiality of DNS data. The primary security goals for DNS are data integrity and source authentication, which are needed to ensure the authenticity of domain name information and maintain the integrity of domain name information in transit. This document provides extensive guidance on maintaining data integrity and performing source authentication. DNS components are often subjected to denial-of-service attacks intended to disrupt access to the resources whose domain names are handled by the attacked DNS components. This document presents guidelines for configuring DNS deployments to prevent many denial-of-service attacks that exploit vulnerabilities in various DNS components. Keywords Authoritative Name Server; Caching Name Server; Domain Name System (DNS); DNS Query/Response; DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC); Resource Record (RR); Trust Anchor; Validating Resolver iii SECURE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS) DEPLOYMENT GUIDE Acknowledgements The authors, Ramaswamy Chandramouli and Scott Rose of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), wish to thank their colleagues who reviewed drafts of this document. Special thanks are due for some members of Government DNSSEC working Group who provided useful feedback and pointers to some of the documents referred to in this document. We also thank Tim Grance, program manager of the Cyber and Network Security program and Doug Montgomery of the Advanced Network Technologies Division for their leadership and guidance throughout this project. Last but not the least, we are grateful to Douglas Maughan of the Department of Homeland Security for the sponsorship of this effort. The authors would also like to thank those that provided valuable feedback on the original revision of this Special Publication. iv SECURE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS) DEPLOYMENT GUIDE Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 1 Changes in this Document ...................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Authority .................................................................................................................1-1 1.2 Purpose and Scope ................................................................................................1-1 1.3 Audience ................................................................................................................1-1 1.4 Document Structure ................................................................................................1-2 2. Securing Domain Name System .................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 What is the Domain Name System (DNS)? ............................................................2-1 2.2 DNS Infrastructure ..................................................................................................2-2 2.3 DNS Components and Security Objectives.............................................................2-6 2.4 Focus of the Document ..........................................................................................2-6 3. DNS Data and DNS Software ......................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 DNS Zone Data ......................................................................................................3-1 3.2 Name Servers (DNS Software) ...............................................................................3-1 3.2.1 Authoritative Name Servers ....................................................................... 3-2 3.2.2 Caching Name Servers .............................................................................. 3-2 3.3 Resolvers (DNS Software) ......................................................................................3-2 4. DNS Transactions .......................................................................................................... 4-4 4.1 DNS Query/Response ............................................................................................4-4 4.2 Zone Transfer .........................................................................................................4-4 4.3 Dynamic Updates ...................................................................................................4-5 4.4 DNS NOTIFY