1 JEFFREY JOSEPH WOLYNSKI BARRINGTON JAMES TAYLOR EDITING IN PROGRESS (3/24/2018) 2 3 Table of Contents Preface The Discovery The Super - Genius Illusion Versus Discovery Introduction 1 Solving Problems and Examining Assumptions 40 1.1 Planet formation and evolution 1.1.1 Statistical significance of planet formation theories 1.2 Brown dwarf classification 1.2.1 The absence of lithium burning 1.2.2 The hydrogen paradox of planet formation 1.3 Protoplanet size 1.4 The formation of life 1.4.1 The Taylor threshold 1.4.2 Self - Sterilization vs. host - sterilization 1.4.3 Available evidence for evolution of life 1.4.3.1 Oil and natural gas leftovers of early life formation 1.5 The formation of watery oceans 1.5.1 Heat released from ocean formation 4 1.5.2 The source of ocean methane 1.6 The formation of rocks and minerals 1.7 The formation of planetesimals 1.8 Location of fusion reactions 1.8.1 Fusion outside a body 1.9 Excess radiation from Neptune 1.10 Examining basic assumptions 1.10.1 Geological assumptions 1.10.1.1 Solid and liquid Earth 1.10.1.2 Thin atmosphere 1.10.2 Astronomical assumptions 1.10.2.1 Visible spectrums 1.10.2.2 Massive stars 1.10.2.2.1 Conservation of mass and stars in the general theory 1.10.2.2.2 The mass modelling principle of stellar evolution 1.10.2.3 Sun reliance 1.10.2.4 Mutual exclusiveness 1.10.2.5 By - product reinterpretation 1.10.2.6 Disk nebula 1.10.2.6.1 Disk age interpretation 1.10.2.7 Solar system wall 5 1.10.2.8 Fusion powered stars versus Plasma Recombination 1.10.2.9 Chemistry assumption 1.10.2.10 Exotic structures 1.11 Gravitational instability 1.12 Mental biases of astronomers 1.12.1 The Cornell effect 1.12.2 Cosmologists and their problem with equivocation 2 Stellar birthing 2.1 Stellar birthing 3 Energy transformations 3.1 Tying gravitational work to energy transformations and other principles 4 Thermodynamics of evolving stars 4.1 Thermodynamic phase transitions 4.2 Type of system 4.3 Heat production 4.3.1 Internal work to heat efficiency principle 5 Chemistry of evolving stars 5.1 Astrochemical reactions 5.1.1 Chemical complexity 5.1.1.1 Aqueous geochemistry principle 6 5.1.1.2 Cementation principle 5.1.1.3 Formose Reaction 5.1.1.4 PAH's in SM 5.1.2 Physical mechanism 5.2 Chemical equilibrium 5.2.1 Chemical equilibrium in dead stars 5.2.2 Hydrogenation 5.3 Heterolysis 5.4 Plasma as electrolytic substance 5.5 Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions 5.6 Stars are dissipative systems 5.6.1 Tying together the gravity principles of life formation to dissipative systems concerning life formation 6 Stellar engineering 6.1 Metallurgy 6.2 The addition of coefficients of thermal expansion and contraction 6.3 The role of electrically insulating and conducting material 6.4 Stellar meteorology 7 Magnetosphere evolution 7.1 Magnetization of rocks on Mars and the Moon 7 7.2 Magnetic Flux Amplification and Magnetosphere Evolution 7.3 Magnetosphere Evolution 8 Encompassed theories 8.1 Whole earth decompression dynamics 8.2 The great oxygenation event 8.3 Mechanism for plate motion 8.4 Terraforming 8.5 Abiogenic oil and natural gas 9 Theories with partial similarities 9.1 Liquid metallic hydrogen solar model 9.2 Contracted/Expanding/Contraction Earth 10 Rejected theories 131 10.1 Stellar mass black holes 10.2 Disk gravitational instability model 10.3 Core accretion model 10.4 Destroying fusion model of stars with ockham's razor 10.5 Supernovas ending stars' lives 10.6 Nice model 11 Superceded theories and classifications 11.1 Astrophysical 11.1.1 Reinterpreting false positive "exoplanets" 8 11.2 Pebble accretion 11.2.1 The absence of rock self - assembly 11.2.2 Reinterpreting chondrites 11.3 Geological 11.3.1 Evolutionary Earth vs. uniformitarianism 11.3.2 The rock cycle 11.3.3 Iron catastrophe 11.4 Biological 11.4.1 Goldilocks zone 12 Spectroscopy 12.1 The absence of spectrums in older stars 12.2 Ionization energies 12.3 Marklund convection 13 Five laws of hot Jupiters 14 Determining the ages of stars 14.1 Time principle 14.2 Stellar cooling 14.2.1 The Relation of Surface Temperature and Populations of Stars in Evolving Galaxies 14.2.2 Star system prediction concerning cooler stars 14.2.3 Bolometric luminosity measurements 14.3 Determining the age of iron cores 14.3.1 Iron core deposition rate 9 14.3.2 Core growth termination during stellar evolution 14.3.2.1 The Beginning of homogeneous nucleation of iron/nickel cores in homogeneous young stars 14.3.3 Creating different sized Earths 14.4 Diminishing solar abundances 14.4.1 Changing isotopic abundances 14.5 Diminishing gravitational fields 14.6 Diminishing radiation 14.6.1 Black body radiation of stars as rate of plasma recombination 14.7 Atmospheric thinning 14.7.1 Chthonian planets 14.7.2 Diminishing internal pressure 14.8 Mass loss 14.8.1 Mass continuum principle 14.8.2 Ockham's razor 14.8.3 Gyrochronology 14.9 Heat evolution 14.10 Relative and absolute ages 15 Additional principles 15.1 Main principle of astrophysics 10 15.2 Coherency 15.2.1 Mass independence 15.2.2 Strong support for the mass independence and coherency principles of the general theory: NGTS-1b 15.2.3 Mass dependence 15.3 Stability 15.4 Orbit principles 15.4.1 Inclinations 15.4.2 Multiple orbiting objects 15.5 Multiple nebulas 15.5.1 Solar system principle 15.6 Accretion 15.6.1 Accretion rate 15.6.2 Location of accretion 15.6.3 Accretion friction braking 15.7 Singular gravitationally collapsing object 15.7.1 Change in gravitational potential energy of objects 15.8 Type of differentiation 15.8.1 Foundational structure 15.8.2 Core before crust 201 15.8.2.1 Homogeneous nucleation 15.8.3 Ossification of crust 11 15.8.4 Boundary solidification 15.8.5 Goldschmidt classification 15.9 Spherical celestial objects 15.10 Stellar adoption 15.10.1 Stellar age delineation 15.11 Volume and surface area 15.12 Stellar co - evolution 15.13 Biostellar Evolution 15.13.1 Time principle of life formation 15.13.2 Microbiological complexity 15.13.2.1 Photosynthesis 15.13.3 Mobility 15.13.4 Volume 15.13.5 Gravity 15.13.5.1 Numbers added to the mobility, volume and time principles of the biostellar evolution principle 15.13.6 Container principle 15.13.7 The non-equilibrium principle of life formation 15.13.8 Researchers with similar ideas 15.13.8.1 Alexander Oparin 15.13.8.2 Anthony J. Abruzzo 15.13.8.3 Charles Darwin 12 15.14 Refractory material 15.15 EMHD 15.15.1 Plasma instabilities 15.16 Energy/Mass dissipation 15.17 Plasma to rocks/metal 15.17.1 The principle of crystallization 15.18 Vortex principle 15.19 Radiometric dating 16 Stellar groupings 16.1 Main star types 16.1.1 White dwarfs 16.1.1.1 White dwarfs, Nova and stellar youth 16.1.2 Hot blues 16.1.3Subdwarf B Stars 16.1.4 Blue giants 16.1.5 White stars 16.1.6 Yellow stars 16.1.7 Orange dwarfs 16.1.8 Red dwarfs 16.1.9 Auburn dwarfs 16.1.10 Brown dwarfs 16.1.11 Grey dwarfs 16.1.12 Blue dwarfs 13 16.1.12.1 Uranus is a Star 16.1.13 Ocean worlds 16.1.14 Dark blues 16.1.15 Black dwarfs 16.1.16 Dead stars 16.1.17 Asteroids/small moons 16.1.18 Not stars 16.1.18.1 Red giants 17 Alternative interpretation of discovery methods 18 Open and Globular Clusters 18.1 Spectrum dilution 18.2 Opening transition 18.3 Decay 18.4 Metal migration 19 Galaxy evolution 19.1 Galaxy brightness 20 Universal age 21 Implications for society and culture 21.1 Worldview change 21.1.1 Astronomical pseudoscience via linguistics and culture 21.2 Semmelweis Reflex and Worldview Lag 21.2.1 Definition reversal for the Sun 14 21.3 The Krypton hypothesis 22. Different systems 22.1 K2-138 System 22.2 Trappist-1 System 15 Preface I am not a career scientist. I am a discoverer. After all these years, I have found the two titles and their worldviews are fundamentally different, though they can overlap in some places. The worldview of a discoverer is not tied to established norms and is concerned with saving face or getting along with the crowd. Playing nice and keeping under the radar are not valuable traits to a discoverer, as their moral ground is naturally much higher due to the nature of their purpose. A discoverer is not of the collectivist mentality of the group or consensus being held in higher esteem than the individual. They are not bound to norms of a society and this brings many challenges to the process of scientific development and of humanities' understanding of nature. Career scientists are trained these days to keep their head down and do as they are told. If you are going to make a major discovery as a career scientist it is better to not say anything at all but to quietly write things down in a place that can be time stamped and not bother pushing the discovery upon your own community. It does not pay to stand out if you want to be a career scientist.