cover file:///D:/Documents%20and%20Settings/superstar/Mes%20document... Cover title: Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology author: Trask, R. L. publisher: Taylor & Francis Routledge isbn10 | asin: print isbn13: 9780203696026 ebook isbn13: 9780203695111 language: English subject Phonetics--Dictionaries, Grammar, Comparative and general--Dictionaries.--Phonology , Gramática comparada y general--Fonología--Diccionarios, Phonetics, Phonology. publication date: 1996 lcc: P216.T73 1996eb ddc: 414/.03 subject: Phonetics--Dictionaries, Grammar, Comparative and general--Dictionaries.--Phonology , Gramática comparada y general--Fonología--Diccionarios, Phonetics, Phonology. cover Page i A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology Written for students of linguistics, applied linguistics and speech therapy, this dictionary covers over 2,000 terms in phonetics and phonology. In addition to providing a comprehensive yet concise guide to an enormous number of individual terms, it also includes an explanation of the most important theoretical approaches to phonology. Its usefulness as a reference tool is further enhanced by the inclusion of pronunciations, notational devices and symbols, earliest sources of terms, suggestions for further reading, and advice with regard to usage. R.L.Trask is Lecturer in Linguistics in the School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences at the University of Sussex. His previous publications include A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics (1993), Language Change (1994) and Language: The Basics (1995). page_i Page ii This page intentionally left blank. page_ii Page iii A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology R.L.Trask London and New York 1 of 246 10/04/2010 11:56 cover file:///D:/Documents%20and%20Settings/superstar/Mes%20document... page_iii Page iv First published 1996 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © 1996 R.L.Trask All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-69511-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-69602-6 (OEB Format) ISBN 0-415-11260-5 (hbk) 0-415-11261-3 (pbk) page_iv Page v Contents List of figures vi Preface vii Acknowledgements ix List of abbreviations xi Guide to pronunciation xii A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology 1 Appendix: the International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1993) 394 References 395 page_v Page vi Figures A1 The acoustic spectra of a clarinet note (a) and of the vowel 9 C1 The Catford classification 66 C2 A classificatory matrix for the consonants of Basque 73 F1 An aspirated plosive in the feature hierarchy 142 M1 A metrical grid 222 M2 A metrical tree 223 P1 A polar chart 283 V1 The vowel chart of Les Branson, 42, of Norwich (1971) 382 page_vi Page vii Preface This dictionary is intended primarily for students and teachers of phonetics and linguistics. Like its companion volume, A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics, this dictionary focuses on just one 2 of 246 10/04/2010 11:56 cover file:///D:/Documents%20and%20Settings/superstar/Mes%20document... major area of the linguistic sciences and tries to provide detailed coverage of that area. Of course, it is not possible to include every single one of the many thousands of terms which make an appearance somewhere in the phonological literature, but the nearly 2,000 terms which are defined here should include virtually every term you are likely to encounter outside the most specialized monographs. The larger part of the dictionary is devoted to terms which have been in existence for some time and which look likely to remain in use for the foreseeable future: alternation, apical, contour tone, creaky voice, obstruent, rule loss, sandhi, vowel harmony. Though articulatory phonetics naturally features very prominently in these pages, acoustic and perceptual phonetics are not neglected, nor is general speech science: Action Theory, acoustic filter, cochlea, duplex perception, electromyography, formant, quantal vowel, transition. The terminology of classical phonology is well covered, including the terms used by the Prague School, by Daniel Jones and by the American Structuralists: archiphoneme, biuniqueness, diaphone, EPD, juncture phoneme, privative opposition. Classical generative phonology is abundantly covered: absolute neutralization, exchange rule, Halle’s argument, systematic phoneme. Among more recent developments, Autosegmental Phonology and Metrical Phonology are treated in particular detail: demibeat, deforestation, dumping, iambic reversal, No-Crossing Constraint, timing tier. But the principal terms from nearly all the major developments in phonology in the last two decades are also defined: coronal underspecification, Derived Environment Constraint, feature geometry, hot feature, Prosodic Hierarchy, subjunction, via rule. Distinctive features are covered in great detail. Summaries of some half-dozen feature systems are given, and many dozens of individual features are defined. page_vii Page viii There is ample coverage of the phonology of English: dark l, Estuary English, Great Vowel Shift, Received Pronunciation, rhotic accent, Trager-Smith system, velar softening. Terms specific to other languages are included if they feature prominently in the literature: Grassmann’s Law, liaison, radoppiamento sintattico, rendaku, seseo, soft mutation, yer. I have made a point of including a number of terms largely confined to the older philological literature, since these are often maddeningly difficult to look up elsewhere: anlaut, cacuminal, implosive position, surd, tenuis. There is a good deal of coverage of phonological change and variation, both traditional terms and recent ones: apocope, Bill Peters effect, chain shift, lexical diffusion, reversal of merger, rhotacization, umlaut. Given the current importance of metrical ideas in phonology, traditional terms from metrics are well covered: crasis, masculine rhyme, synizesis, tetrameter, trochee. For many entries there are multiple definitions; competing and conflicting usages are noted and described, and recommendations are often provided; examples of troublesome terms are breathy voice, dorsum, flap, heavy syllable, hypercorrection, prosody, tone. As far as possible, I have tried to identify the original sources of the terms, and for many of the more important terms I have suggested further reading. The alphabetical order used is one which ignores both hyphens and spaces between words. Thus, for example, provection precedes P-rule, while off-glide precedes off rhyme, which precedes offset phase. The pronunciation given is that typical of the south of England. Speakers of other varieties of English will, I hope, find little difficulty in making any necessary adjustments. In an enterprise of this kind, it is no doubt inevitable that there will prove to be a few errors and omissions. If you find any, I shall be pleased to hear about them. You can write to me at the School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK, or e-mail me at [email protected]. page_viii Page ix Acknowledgements I should like to thank Julia Hall, Emma Cotter, Alison Foyle and Caroline Cautley of Routledge for encouraging this book and for putting up with several exasperating delays along the way. To Dick Hudson I am indebted for getting me into the linguistic lexicography business in the first place. Two anonymous readers, and later Richard Coates, John Goldsmith and most especially Max Wheeler, read and commented on early drafts of varying sizes; I am grateful to all of them, and I have managed to incorporate most of their comments into the final version. I regret that Goldsmith’s 1995 book appeared too late to be taken into account in preparing the dictionary; this book contains useful further reading on many of the entries in the dictionary. I am further indebted to Kasia Jaszczołh for making available to me a body of unpublished work in Optimality Theory. And, as always, I am deeply grateful to Jenny Potts for an impeccable job of copy-editing. Naturally, I owe an enormous debt to all my fellow linguists, past and present, whose works I have combed for terms and definitions. Among those phoneticians and linguists of whose work I have made particularly 3 of 246 10/04/2010 11:56 cover file:///D:/Documents%20and%20Settings/superstar/Mes%20document... heavy use are David Abercrombie, John Anderson, Stephen Anderson, Sheila Blumstein, Philip Carr, J.C.Catford, Noam Chomsky, John Clark, Alan Cruttenden, David Crystal, Peter Denes, Jacques Durand, Eli Fischer-Jørgensen, Victoria Fromkin, D.B.Fry, Hans Giegerich, A.C.Gimson, John Goldsmith, Morris Halle, Richard Hogg, Larry Hyman, Daniel Jones, Francis Katamba, Michael Kenstowicz, William Labov, Peter Ladefoged, Roger Lass, John Laver, Philip Lieberman, C.B.McCully, Elliot