Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee 2018 Assess ment Report Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Ozone Secretariat MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER 2018 REPORT OF THE METHYL BROMIDE TECHNICAL OPTIONS COMMITTEE 2018 Assessment Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 2018 Report of the Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee 2018 Assessment The text of this report is composed mainly in Times New Roman. Composition of the Report: Methyl Bromide Technical Option Committee Coordination: Marta Pizano, Ian Porter, MBTOC Co-Chairs. Final editing and layout: Marta Pizano, Ian Porter, MBTOC co-chairs Reproduction: Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi Date: January, 2019 Under certain conditions, printed copies of this report are available from: United Nations Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi, Kenya This document is also available in portable document format from: https://ozone.unep.org/science/assessment/teap No copyright involved. This publication may be freely copied, abstracted and cited, with acknowledgement of the source of the material. Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee: Co-Chairs: Marta Pizano (Colombia); Ian Porter (Australia) Members: Jonathan Banks (Australia), Mohammed Besri (Morocco), Fred Bergwerff (The Netherlands), Aocheng Cao (China), Sait Erurk (Turkey), Ken Glassey (New Zealand), Alfredo Gonzalez (Philippines), Rosalind James (USA), Takashi Misumi (Japan), Christoph Reichmuth (Germany), Jordi Riudavets (Spain), Akio Tateya (Japan), Alejandro Valeiro (Argentina), Nick Vink (South Africa). Acknowledgments: MBTOC acknowledges support from Dr Paul Fraser, Dr Steve Montzka and Nada Derek for Chapter 4 of this report in assisting with preparation of some text, figures and review of information. ISBN: 978-9966-076-57-1 MBTOC 2018 Assessment Report iii In Memoriam Raquel Ghini The 2018 MBTOC Assessment Report is dedicated to our dear friend and colleague Raquel Ghini who passed away in 2018. We will always remember Raquel for her kind disposition, her willingness to help and her commitment to protecting our planet’s environment, especially the ozone layer. iv MBTOC 2018 Assessment Report Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. MANDATE AND REPORT STRUCTURE .............................................................................................. 1 1.2. THE METHYL BROMIDE TECHNICAL OPTIONS COMMITTEE (MBTOC) ......................................... 1 1.3. METHYL BROMIDE CONTROL MEASURES ....................................................................................... 1 1.4. PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION TRENDS ..................................................................................... 2 1.5. ALTERNATIVES TO METHYL BROMIDE ........................................................................................... 2 1.5.1. Alternatives for soil treatments ............................................................................................................ 3 1.5.2. Alternatives for treatment structures and durable commodities (non-QPS) ........................................ 3 1.6. ALTERNATIVES TO METHYL BROMIDE FOR QUARANTINE AND PRE-SHIPMENT (QPS) APPLICATIONS (EXEMPTED USES) ................................................................................................... 4 1.7. EMISSIONS FROM METHYL BROMIDE USE AND THEIR REDUCTION ................................................. 7 1.8. ECONOMIC ISSUES .......................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE ASSESSMENT ............................................................................... 9 2.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF METHYL BROMIDE USES ............................................................................ 9 2.2.1. MB uses identified in Articles of the Protocol ...................................................................................... 9 2.3. MBTOC MANDATE ....................................................................................................................... 11 2.4. COMMITTEE PROCESS AND COMPOSITION .................................................................................... 12 2.5. MBTOC ASSESSMENTS ON METHYL BROMIDE ............................................................................ 12 2.6. DEFINITION OF AN ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................. 12 2.7. REPORT STRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 13 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 3. METHYL BROMIDE PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND PROGRESS IN PHASE- OUT (CONTROLLED USES) ................................................................................................................................ 15 3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 15 3.2. METHYL BROMIDE GLOBAL PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY FOR CONTROLLED USES ......................... 15 3.2.1. Global production for all uses............................................................................................................ 16 3.2.1.1 Quarantine and pre-shipment ....................................................................................................... 17 3.2.1.2 Non-QPS sectors (controlled uses) ............................................................................................. 17 3.3. TRENDS IN GLOBAL MB CONSUMPTION (AND PHASE-OUT) FOR CONTROLLED USES ................... 18 3.3.1. Global consumption by geographical region ..................................................................................... 19 3.3.2. Production vs. Consumption .............................................................................................................. 20 3.4. TRENDS IN MB CONSUMPTION (AND PHASE-OUT) IN NON-ARTICLE 5 PARTIES .......................... 20 3.5 TRENDS IN MB CONSUMPTION (AND PHASE-OUT) IN ARTICLE 5 PARTIES ................................... 23 3.5.1. Factors assisting MB phase-out in Article 5 Parties .......................................................................... 24 3.6. TRENDS IN NOMINATIONS FOR CRITICAL USE EXEMPTIONS ......................................................... 25 3.6.1. Trends for preplant soil uses ............................................................................................................. 25 3.6.2. Trends in postharvest and structure uses .......................................................................................... 26 3.7 METHYL BROMIDE USE BY SECTOR – CONTROLLED USES .......................................................... 27 3.7.1. Where Methyl Bromide was historically used ........................................................................................ 27 3.7.2. Present MB applications (controlled uses in 2018) ................................................................................ 28 3.7.3. Critical Use Nominations from Article 5 Parties ............................................................................... 28 3.8. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER 4. METHYL BROMIDE EMISSIONS AND EMISSIONS REDUCTION ................................ 31 4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 31 MBTOC 2018 Assessment Report v 4.2 ATMOSPHERIC METHYL BROMIDE ............................................................................................... 32 4.2.1. Global Sources and Emissions ........................................................................................................... 32 4.3. SUMMARY OF IMPACT OF MONTREAL PROTOCOL CONTROL MEASURES AND OTHER REGULATIONS ON GLOBAL MB EMISSIONS .................................................................................. 34 4.4. MB EMISSIONS FROM CURRENT USES FOR SOIL, COMMODITIES AND STRUCTURES ..................... 37 4.5. EMISSION REDUCTION THROUGH BETTER CONTAINMENT, RECAPTURE OR DESTRUCTION ........ 38 4.5.1. Preventing Emissions From Soil fumigation ...................................................................................... 39 4.5.1.1. Use of barrier films and other plastic covers to reduce emissions ............................................................. 39 4.5.1.2 Regulatory practices to reduce MB emissions from soil..................................................................................... 39 4.5.2. Reducing Emissions from Structural and Commodity Fumigation .................................................... 40 4.6. FUMIGANT RECAPTURE AND DESTRUCTION ............................................................................... 40 4.6.1 Scope for emission reduction by recapture .......................................................................................