The Water and Sanitation Program March 2009 is an international partnership for improving water and sanitation sector policies, practices, and capacities to Accompanying serve poor people Volume Accompanying Volume to the Guidance Notes on ‘Improving Water Supply and Sanitation Services for the Urban Poor in India’ Global Experiences on Expanding Services to the Urban Poor Accompanying Volume to the Guidance Notes on ‘Improving Water Supply and Sanitation Services for the Urban Poor in India’ Global Experiences on Expanding Services to the Urban Poor In 2006–07, the Water and Sanitation Program–South Asia (WSP–SA) initiated a research to identify barriers to service delivery for the urban poor. The research included a review of various initiatives from across the globe that have resulted in improved service delivery for the urban poor and consultations with the urban poor communities. The present volume is a documentation of this research and supports the Guidance Notes on Improving Water Supply and Sanitation Services for the Urban Poor in India. The present volume is divided into two sections: • Case Studies of 18 initiatives from South Asia, Africa, and Latin America. • Consultations with urban poor communities across four major Indian cities, namely, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Vadodara, and Delhi. Global Experiences on Expanding Services to the Urban Poor Section 1 Case Studies on Improving Water Supply and Sanitation Services for the Urban Poor Case Studies Title City Country Page 1. Parivartan: Slum Networking Project Ahmedabad India 5 2. The Slum Sanitation Program: Reaching the Poor through Sustainable Partnerships Mumbai India 11 3. PROSANEAR: Combining Community Participation and Brazil 18 Low-Cost Technology 4. Federation of Water Associations: Giving the Poor a Voice Manila The Philippines 25 5. Orangi Pilot Project: The Poor Invest in Their Future Karachi Pakistan 29 6. Kalyani: No Subsidy Sanitation Leads to Open-Defecation-Free Slums Kalyani, Kolkata India 34 Metropolitan Area 7. Community-Managed Toilets: Solving Sanitation Problems of Tiruchirapalli India 39 Urban Poor Communities 8. The Hyderabad Metro Water Supply and Sewerage Board: Hyderabad India 45 Organizational Reform for Improved Service Delivery 9. National Water and Sewerage Corporation: Utility Reform Helps the Urban Poor Uganda 51 10. Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board: Service Delivery in Slums Bengaluru India 57 11. Nongovernmental Organization-Assisted Water Points: Dhaka Bangladesh 65 Social Intermediation for the Urban Poor 12. Alandur Municipality: User Contributions in Infrastructure Development Alandur India 71 13. Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company Limited: Innovative Initiative to Jamshedpur India 78 Provide Adequate Water 14. Temeke District: Community-Managed Water and Sanitation Program Dar es Salaam Tanzania 82 15. Water for All: Community-Managed Water Services Tegucigalpa Honduras 89 16. Programs to Serve the Poor Urban Areas of Lima: Lima Peru 94 Alternative Water Management Models 17. Nyalenda Water Supply Project: Delegated Management Model Kisumu Kenya 99 18. Water Trust Model: A Community-Based Initiative Lusaka Zambia 103 4 Global Experiences on Expanding Services to the Urban Poor Case Study 1 Ahmedabad, India Parivartan: Slum Networking Project Context and Table 1: Ahmedabad at a Glance Background City Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India (City and Total population 3.51 million (2001 Census) Slum population 1.6 million people (46 percent) Service Provider) (% of total population) Service provider and status Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, with a population of 3.51 local government million,1 is the seventh-largest city in India and the largest in the state of Gujarat. Population growth coupled population, reside in informal drainage and access or internal roads 3 in poor condition. There has been a with a rising proportion of working settlements. Most of these settlements lack of comprehensive response from population in the informal sector has lack adequate access to basic the local government for ensuring that led to the mushrooming of slums and services—the majority of the the urban poor have access to chawls.2 The 2001 Census estimates households have shared water supply, adequate basic services. that approximately 1.6 million people, limited or no access to sanitation that is, 46 percent of the city’s facilities, inadequate storm water The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC)4 is believed to be one of the better administered and financially 1 Source: Census, 2001. 2 A chawl is a low-income informal settlement. sound5 urban local bodies (ULBs) in the 3 A total of 1,668 settlements including 710 slums and 958 chawls. 4 The AMC was constituted in 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act, 1949. country. Its main functions6 include 5 The AMC recorded a closing cash surplus of Rs 2,142 million (US$46 million) in March 1996. Prior to 1993-94, the AMC was a loss-making urban local body, resulting in accumulated cash losses of Rs 350 million (US$7 million). Source: Vaidya, providing protected water supply, Chetan, and Brad Johnson. 2001. ‘Ahmedabad Municipal Bonds—Lessons and Pointers.’ Economic and Political Weekly, July 28, 2001. (US$1 = INR 46, approximately, as of September 28, 2008. Conversion rates are from http://coinmill.com; all sewerage and storm water drainage, conversions in the text are approximations.) 6 As defined under the Bombay Provisional Municipal Corporation Act, 1949. construction and maintenance of 5 roads, street-lighting, disease improved revenue collection of octroi provided at an individual household prevention and monitoring, and property tax) and management level and mainstreamed with the conservancy (solid and liquid waste reforms (including modernization of the city-level systems. disposal), public transport, and accounting system and upgrading the The initiative has two components: maintaining parks and gardens.7 Corporation’s workforce). physical upgradation and The area under the Corporation’s Improvements in its financial situation community development. jurisdiction is divided into five zones allowed the ULB to undertake several under which fall 43 wards. Physical upgradation, which implies innovative development projects such extending a bundle of services In the mid-1990s, the Corporation as the redevelopment of C.G. Road, including individual water supply, initiated a set of fiscal (including completion of Kotarpur water treatment underground sewerage, individual plant, ‘Green Partnership’ for greening toilets, storm water drainage, paved the city, and Parivartan, a slum internal roads and bylanes, street Box 1: What is lighting, solid waste management, Parivartan? upgrading initiative. and landscaping. Parivartan (literally, Key Program Community development, including transformation) is an ongoing and Initiative formation of community-based slum upgrading initiative in organizations (CBOs), women’s and Ahmedabad, which has made Highlights youth groups, mobilizing community significant progress in enhancing contributions toward infrastructure access of poor communities to Program Design development and operation and basic infrastructure and social Parivartan, meaning transformation, is maintenance (O&M) costs, ensuring services and in mainstreaming access to health and education informal or slum settlements with an ongoing slum upgrading initiative in Ahmedabad. The initiative aims at facilities, livelihood opportunities, the city level systems. Parivartan and microcredit. has demonstrated the value of ensuring access for urban poor or enabling policy and regulatory informal communities to basic An assurance was provided by the frameworks, multistakeholder infrastructure and social services in an Corporation that participating slums partnerships, presence of affordable and sustainable manner. would not be evicted for the next 10 champions of change, and Departing from the conventional years. Even though the assurance had community participation for approach, the initiative concentrates no legal binding, it provided the slum initiating and scaling up pro-poor on improvements to infrastructure dwellers a sense of security that service delivery initiatives. services (rather than on housing) facilitated their participation and However, the program had a slow pace of execution due to Figure 1: Parivartan’s Components (a) unclearly programmed and ill-timed funding; (b) absence of, or nonfunctional, links between political decisionmakers and utility managers and those between management and frontline staff; and (c) the lack of capacity at the local level to implement a large program. 7 Under the conformity legislation of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, economic and social planning as well as poverty alleviation have been added as obligatory functions of the Corporation. 6 Global Experiences on Expanding Services to the Urban Poor ensured their readiness to contribute Table 2: Project Costs and Contributions (in Rs) toward capital costs and community- level O&M funds. Component Total cost Contributions per family AMC Community Industry, Nongovern- Institutional Arrangements social mental Parivartan has a multistakeholder institution organization partnership framework whereby Infrastructure 15,800 11,500 2,000 2,000 300 the roles and responsibilities of development the partners—including target communities, ULBs, nongovernmental Physical 6,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 organizations (NGOs), and the development private sector—have been fixed in Individual 5,800 4,500