AFRICA IN TODAY’S WORLD MAX COLEMAN SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORY ONLINE Published in 2015 in South Africa by South African History Online, 349 Albert Road, Woodstock, 7925 Cape Town (c) South African History Online All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, stored in retrieval systems, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of publishers. ISBN: 978-0-620-66045-7 Design and layout: Ian Africa and Omar Badsha Cover Design: Ian Africa and Omar Badsha Printed and bound in South Africa by Mega Digital (Pty) Ltd. CONTENTS 1. POPULATION 2. COUNTRIES 3. INSTITUTIONS 4. THE HUMAN CONDITION 5. AID 6. ENVIRONMENT 7. Natural RESOURCES 8. INFRASTRUCTURE 9. PRODUCTION 10. TRADE 11. CONSUMPTION 12. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 13. FINANCIAL SYSTEM 14. FINANCIAL Casinos 15. CORPORATES 16. ARMS TRADE & CONFLICT 17. RESERVES 18. CONCLUSION 978-0-620-66045-7 DETAILED CONTENTS PAGES 1 POPULATION 11 1.1 Statistics (Historical, Current, Regional, Country) 1.2 Profiles (Density, Urban, Sex, Age, Ethnic, Language, Religion, Labour Force) 1.3 Movement (Migration, Refugees, Travel) 2 COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD 26 2.1 By Continents 2.2 Economic Size 2.3 Economic Development 2.4 Colonisation 2.5 Groupings (Unions, Associations) 3 GLOBAL INSTITUTIONS 42 3.1 United Nations System 3.2 Intergovernmental 3.3 Sectoral 4 HUMAN CONDITION 53 4.1 Human Development Index 4.2 Millennium Development Goals 4.3 Quality of Life Criteria A. Human Survival Life Expectancy, Employment, Income, Food Security, Healthcare, Shelter, Basic Amenities. B. Human Development Education, Gender Parity, Social Security, Access to Economic Activity, Social Activity Political Environment 5 AID 102 5.1 Emergency Aid 5.2 Development Aid (Grant, Loan, Debt Relief) 6 ENVIRONMENT 116 6.1 Natural Disasters 6.2 Climate Change 6.3 Pollution 6,4 MDG on Environment 7 NATURAL RESOURCES 133 7.1 Water 7.2 Land 7.3 Biological 7.4 Mineral 7.5 Marine 7.6 Atmospheric 7.7 Solar 8 INFRASTRUCTURE 152 8.1 Transportation 8.2 Energy 8.3 Water Management 8.4 Communication 8.5 Waste Management 8.6 Health & Education 8.7 Cultural, Sport & Recreation 9 PRODUCTION 172 9.1 Agriculture 9.2 Mining 9.3 Manufacturing 9.4 Services 10 TRADE 204 10.1 Organisations 10.2 Agreements 10.3 Trade Flows (Exports, Imports, Balances) 10.4 Accounting 11 CONSUMPTION 216 11.1 Categories 11.2 Statistics of Consumption 12 EcONOMIC AcTIVITY 223 12.1 Institutions 12.2 Measurement of Economic Activity 12.3 Statistics of Economic Activity 12.4 Rate of Economic Growth 12.5 Per Capita Perspective 12.6 Development Stages 13 FINANCIAL SYSTEM 233 13.1 Financial Institutions 13.2 National Budgets 13.3 Money Supply 13.4 Credit 13.5 Debt 13.6 Savings &Investment 13.7 Financial Instruments 13.8 Cross-Border Transactions 13.9 Financial Crises 14 FINANCIAL SpECULATION 264 14.1 The Players 14.2 Markets & Exchanges 14.3 Funds & Asset Management 14.4 Speculative Products 14.5 Speculative Strategies 14.6 Crises 14.7 Remedial Action 15 CORPORATES 278 15.1 Structuring & Function 15.2 Size Measurement 15.3 State-Owned Enterprises 15.4 Mergers & Acquisitions 15.5 Cross-Border Activity 16 THE MILITARY- INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX 297 16.1 The Arms Industry 16.2 Military Activity 16.3 Conflict 17 GLOBAL RESERVE SYSTEM 313 17.1 Central Banks 17.2 Related International Organisations 17.3 Reserves 17.4 Currency Exchange Rates 17.5 Sovereign Wealth Funds 17.6 Strategic Reserves 18 CONCLUSION 324 Global Challenges & Aspirations Focus on Africa After centuries of colonisation and exploitation of Africa, the continent has only quite recently regained its independence, country by country. Recognising that Africa is now claiming its place in today’s world, this project attempts to focus in each chapter on how African countries fit in and contribute to the Global picture. The Approach Care has been taken not to be judgmental, prescriptive or even tendentious, but rather to allow the facts and figures to speak for themselves and to let readers come to their own conclusions. However, relevant issues, contentious or otherwise, are frequently listed for consideration. Dedication This project is dedicated to the author’s eight grandchildren as representatives of the World’s seven billion inhabitants. What follows is their inheritance, challenges and all. 10 1.POPULATION 11 1. Population 1. POPULATION ARRANGEMENT OF THIS CHAPTER 1.1 POPULATION STATISTICS 1.2 POPULATION PROFILES 1.3 POPULATION MOVEMENT 1.1 POPULATION STATISTICS 1.1.1 HISTORICAL NUMBERS: World population at year 1 AD has been estimated at 300 million, rising gradually to 500 million at year 1500 and 790 million at year 1750. Then 1 billion at year [ 1804 2 billion at year [ 1927 [ 123 years later 3 billion at year [ 1960 [ 33 years later 4 billion at year [ 1974 [ 14 years later 5 billion at year [ 1987 [ 13 years later 6 billion at year [ 1999 [ 12 years later Population Growth Rates until 1750 were low (around 0.1% to 0.2% per annum) in a world largely dependent on subsistence agriculture and a feudal economy. The Industrial Revolution brought about significant social and economic changes with an impact on the population growth rate, which climbed to around 0.6% p.a. by the year 1900. A revolution in agricultural production methods (the so-called “Green Revolution”) and in medical advances contributed to a marked acceleration in population growth during the 20th century and the growth rate peaked at over 2.0% p.a. in 1963, before settling back to its present 1.2% p.a. (assisted by the introduction by China of a one-child policy in 1979, and also by negative growth rates in some developed countries). The numbers of deaths during Natural Disasters, Famines, Epidemics and Wars & other Conflicts that have occurred in the past will be found elsewhere. The population of Africa has grown rapidly over the past century. The population doubled in the period 1982–2009 and quadrupled from 1955–2009, according to United Nations estimates. The total population of Africa was estimated to have reached 1 billion in November 2009. 12 1. Population YearCIA Population of Africa African Development Bank (ADB) 1950 [ 230,000,000 1960 [ 287,000,000 1970 [ 368,000,000 1980 [ 483,000,000 1990 [ 635,000,000 2000 [ 811,000,000 2010 [ 1,022,000,000 1.1.2 CURRENT NUMBERS: World Population [ 6.707 billion (July 2008) [ 123 years later Births per annum [ 135 million (or 370,000 per day) Deaths per annum [ 55 million (or 150,000 per day) [ 14 years later Net Increase [ 80 million (or 220,000 per day) [ 13 years later Current Growth Rate [ 1.188% per annum (2008) [ 12 years later UPDATE: According to UN Population Division the 7 Billion mark was reached on 31st October 2011. AfricA Current Births per year [ 34, 400,000 (94,250 per day) Deaths per year [ 11, 550,000 (31,650 per day) Net annual increase [ 22,850,000 (or 62,600 daily increase) Population growth rate [ 2.30% per annum 1.1.3 PREDICTED NUMBERS: Projections based on past history and on current demographic factors suggest that the 8 billion figure will be reached in [2028], 9 Billion in [2054] and 10 billion in [2183] reflecting a declining growth rate, possibly to zero. The question of limits on the carrying-capacity of the planet will be addressed elsewhere. 13 1. Population 1.1.4 REGIONAL POPULATIONS (i) Continents: (2008) Predicted for 2050 Africa [ 973 million [ 14.5% [ 19.8% (up) Asia [ 4054 million [ 60.4% [ 59.1% Europe [ 732 million [ 10.9% [ 7.0% (down) Latin America [ 577 million [ 8.6% [ 9.1% (up) North America [ 337 million [ 5.0% [ 4.4% (down) Oceania [ 34 million [ 0.5% [ 0.5% World [ 6707 million [ 100.0% (ii) Development Regions: As at 1999, More Developed Regions | 115 million | 1.% Less Developed Regions | 4793 million | 0.2% (iii) Countries The 15 countries with the largest populations: As at Jan. 2009 Green Revolution”) and in medical advances contributed Rank Country/Territory to aPopulation marked acceleration% of World in population Population growth during the 20th century and the growth rate peaked at over 1 China 2.0%[ p.a.1,328,440,000 in 1963, before[ 19.68% settling back to its present 1.2% 2 India p.a. (assisted[ 1,143,290,000 by the introduction[ 16.94% by China of a one-child policy in 1979, and also by negative growth rates in some 3 United States [ 306,165,000 [ 4.54% developed countries). 4 Indonesia [ 239,041,541 [ 3.55% 5 Brazil [ 188,535,000 [ 2.8% 6 Pakistan [ 165,398,000 [ 2.46% 7 Bangladesh [ 155,248,111 [ 2.31% 8 Nigeria [ 147,878,145 [ 2.2% 9 Russia [ 140,336,656 [ 2.08% 10 Japan [ 127,191,468 [ 1.89% 11 Mexico [ 110,643,450 [ 1.64% 12 Philipines [ 97,109,673 [ 1.44% 14 1. Population 13 Vietnam [ 86,583,713 [ 1.29% 14 Ethopia [ 83,997,629 [ 1.25% 15 Egypt [ 82,466,628 [ 1.22% European Union [ 491,343,472 [ 7.3% [ 7.0% (down) Approximately 4.4 billion people live in these 15 countries, representing roughly two-thirds of the world’s population. [ 4.4% (down) If added together, all nations in the European Union, with 491.3 million people about 7.3% of world’s population in 2008 – would be third in the list above. [ 0.5% India, Pakistan & Bangladesh have a combined population of 1,463,936,111 (21.7%) AfricAN COUNtriES with TOP 10 POpuLAtiONS This is a list of the top 10 African countries by population, based on estimates by the United Nations Population Division, July 2012.