Page iii Liberal Islam A Source Book Edited by Charles Kurzman Page iv Oxford University Press Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 1998 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging­in ­Publication Data Liberal Islam: a source book/edited by Charles Kurzman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0­19­511621­6; ISBN 0­19­511622­4 (pbk.) 1. Islamic renewal. 2. Islam—Essence, genius, nature. 3. Islam—20th century. I. Kurzman, Charles. BP60.L53 1998 297.2'7—dc21 97­30284 Since this page cannot accommodate all the copyright notices, the pages to follow constitute an extension of the copyright page. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid­free paper Page v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Chapter 1. `Ali `Abd al­Raziq. Al­Islam wa usul al­hukm (Arabic: Islam and the Basis of Government). Cairo: publisher unknown, 1925, book 2, part 3. Translated from Arabic by Joseph Massad. Chapter 2. Muhammad Khalaf­Allah. Al­Qur' an wa al­dawla (Arabic: The Qur' an and the State). Cairo: Maktabat al­Anjlu al­Misriya, 1973, pp. 55­79. Translated from Arabic by Joseph Massad. Published with permission. Chapter 3. Mahumd Taleqani. Majmu`eh­e goftar­e "Pedar Taleqani" (Persian: Collection of Speeches of "Father Taleqani"). Tehran: Mujahedin­e Khalq­e Iran, 1979, pp. 51­53. Translated from Persian by Charles Kurzman. Chapter 4. Muhammad Sa`id Al­`Ashmawi. Islam and the Political Order, edited by George F. McLean. Washington, D.C.: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 1993, pp. 95­110. First published as Al­Islam al­siyasi (Arabic: Political Islam) in Egypt in 1987. Published with permission. Chapter 5. Muhammad Natsir. "The Indonesian Revolution: Harmony of Life! Freedom of Religion! Unity of the Nation!" translated by Peter Burns in Revelation and Revolution: Natsir and the Panca Sila (Townsville, Australia: Committee of South­East Asian Studies, James Cook University of North Queensland, Southeast Asian Monograph Series No. 9, 1981), pp. 112­136. First published in Indonesian in 1955. Published with permission. Chapter 6. S.M. Zafar. `Avam, parlimant, Islam (Urdu: The People, Parliament, Islam). Lahore, Pakistan: A'inah­e­Adab, 1980, pp. 304­318. Translated from Urdu by Afroz Taj. Published with permission. Chapter 7. Mehdi Bazargan. "Din va Azadi" (Persian: Religion and Liberty), in Bazyabi­ye arzesh'ha (Persian: The Recovery of Values). Tehran: Nehzat­e Azadi­ye Iran, 1983, pp. 59­88. Translated by Mahmoud Sadri. Published with permission. Chapter 8. Dimasangcay A. Pundato. "Making International Politics More Humane" and "Letter to Secretary Manglapus," in Christian­Muslim Democracy: Wave of the Future. Pasig, Metro­Manila, Philippines: Pandan Bookpress, 1991, pp. 312­321 and 419­420. Published with permission. Chapter 9. Rachid Ghannouchi. "The Participation of Islamists in a Non­Islamic Government," translated by Azzam Tamimi, in Azzam Tamimi, editor, Power­Sharing Islam? London: Liberty for Muslim World Publications, 1993, pp. 51­63. Published with permission. Chapter 10. Sadek J. Sulaiman. "Democracy and Shura," unpublished manuscript. Arabic original © 1996 Sadek J. Sulaiman. Translation and introduction © 1996 Dale F. Eickelman. Published with permission. Chapter 11. Nazira Zein­ed­Din. "Unveiling and Veiling: On the Liberation of the Woman and Social Renewal in the Islamic World," translated by Ali Badran and Margot Badran, in Opening the Gates: A Century of Arab Page vi Feminist Writing, edited by Margot Badran and Miriam Cooke (London: Virago Press; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), pp. 272­276; and "Removing the Veil and Veiling: Towards Women's Liberation and Social Reform," translated by Salah­Dine Hammoud, Women's Studies International Forum, volume 5, number 2, 1982, pp. 223­226. The original was published as Al­Sufur wa'l­hijab (Arabic: Unveiling and Veiling) in 1928. Published with permission. Chapter 12. Benazir Bhutto. "Politics and the Muslim Woman." Cambridge, Mass.: Unpublished audio recording, Rama Mehta Lecture, Radcliffe College Archive, April 11, 1985. Published with permission. Chapter 13. Fatima Mernissi. The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of Women's Rights in Islam, translated by Mary Jo Lakeland. Reading, Mass.: Addison­Wesley, 1991, pp. 1­4, 49­61, 62, 64, 70­81. First published in French in 1987. © 1991 by Fatima Mernissi. Published with permission of Addison­Wesley and Edite Kroll Literary Agency. Chapter 14. Amina Wadud­Muhsin. Qur'an and Woman. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1992, pp. 1­10 and 64­74. Published with permission. Chapter 15. Muhammad Shahrour. "Islam and the 1995 Beijing World Conference on Women." Unpublished manuscript, an earlier version of which appeared in the Kuwaiti newspaper Al­Siyasa (Politics), September 30, 1995, p. 15. Arabic original © 1996 by Muhammad Shahrour. Translation and introduction © 1996 by Dale F. Eickelman. Published with permission. Chapter 16. Humayun Kabir. Minorities in a Democracy. Calcutta, India: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1968, pp. 9­13, 20­30, 64­70. Published with permission. Chapter 17. Chandra Muzaffar. "Introduction," in Universalism of Islam. Penang, Malaysia: Aliran, 1979, pp. 1­11. Published with permission. Chapter 18. Mohamed Talbi. "Religious Liberty: A Muslim Perspective," Liberty and Conscience. Aldershot, England: Committee for the Defence of Religious Liberty, Spring 1989, volume 1, number 1, pp. 12­20. Published with permission. Chapter 19. Ali Bulaç. "Medine Vesikasi Hakkinda General Bilgiler" (Turkish: General Information on the Medina Document), Birikim (Turkish: Collection), no. 38, June­July 1992, pp. 102­111, translated from the Turkish by Duygu Köksal; "Bir Arada Yasamanin Mümkün Projesi Medine Vesikasi" (Turkish: The Medina Document: The Possible Project of Cohabitation), Bilgi ve Hikmet (Turkish: Knowledge and Wisdom), Winter 1994­1995, pp. 3­15, translated from the Turkish by Betigül Ercan. Published with permission. Chapter 20. Rusmir Mahmutcehajic * Living Bosnia, second edition, translated by Spomenka Beus and Francis R. Jones. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Osloboðenja International, 1995, pp. 153­155, 197­205. First published in Bosnian in 1994. Published with permission. Chapter 21. `Ali Shari`ati. "Modern Man and His Prisons," in Man and Islam, translated by Fatollah Marjani. Houston: Free Islamic Literature, 1981, pp. 46­62. Edited with the assistance of "The Four Prisons of Man," in Man and Islam, translated by Ghulam M. Fayez. Mashhad, Iran: University of Mashhad Press, 1982, pp. 60­99. First published in Persian around 1969. Published with permission. Chapter 22. Yusuf Al­Qaradawi. Islamic Awakening between Rejection and Extremism, revised and edited by A.S. Al Shaikh­Ali and Mohamed B.E. Wasfy. Herndon, Va.: American Trust Publications and the International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1991, pp. 21­46. First published in Arabic in 1981. Published with permission. Chapter 23. Mohamed Arkoun. "Rethinking Islam Today." Washington, D.C.: Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University, Occasional Papers Series, 1987. Published with permission. Chapter 24. `Abdullahi Ahmed An­Na`im. Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1990, pp. 161­187. Published with permission. Chapter 25. Alhaji Adeleke Dirisu Ajijola. Islam, Dialogue, Christianity. Kaduna, Nigeria: Straight Path Publishers, 1992, pp. 85­102. Published with permission. Chapter 26. Abdul­Karim Soroush. An earlier version of this unpublished paper was delivered as a lecture at the Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, April 13, 1995. Published with permission. Page vii Chapter 27. Muhammad Iqbal. The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930, pp. 139­170. Chapter 28. Mahmoud Mohamed Taha. The Second Message of Islam, translated by Abdullahi Ahmed An­Na'im. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1987, pp. 43­47, 130­137, 146­153, 157­161. First published in Arabic in 1967. Published with permission. Chapter 29. Murcholish Madijid. "The Necessity of Renewing Islamic Thought and the Problem of the Integration of the Ummat" and "Reinvigorating Religious Understanding in the Indonesian Muslim Community," translated by Muhammad Kamal Hassan in Muslim Intellectual Responses to "New Order" Modernization in Indonesia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pelajaran, Malaysia, 1980, pp. 188­198 and 217­233. First published in Indonesian in 1970 and 1972, respectively. Published with permission. Chapter 30. Mamadiou Dia. Islam et Humanisme (French: Islam and Humanism). Dakar, Senegal: Nouvelles Éditions Africaines, 1977, pp. 49, 83­87, 114­124, 139­142. Translated from French by Charles Kurzman. Published with permission. Chapter 31.