ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806 OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research Architecture Planning Built Environment Studies An International Fully Refereed Journal Published three times a year http://www.archnet.org In this issue: Ferwati, M. S.; Lawrence, R. J.; Mahgoub, Y.; Mandour, M. A.; Masden II, K. G.; Mostafa, M.; Nasar, J. L.; Owen, C.; Preiser, W. F.E.; Rapoport, A.; Salama, A. M; Salingaros, N.A.; Sanoff, H.; Wang, X. Editor Ashraf M. Salama Volume (2) - Issue (1) March 2008 Copyright © 2008 Archnet-IJAR, Archnet, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archnet-IJAR is published and archived by ARCHNET, the most comprehensive online community for architects, planners, urban designers, interior designers, landscape architects, and scholars working in these fields, developed at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning in close cooperation with, and with the full support of The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network. 1 ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - Unites States (Online) 1938-7806 OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research Chief Editor Ashraf M. Salama Advisory Board Attilio Petruccioli Architecture Besim S. Hakim Hashim Sarkis Planning Henry Sanoff Jamel Akbar Built Environment Studies Michael J. Crosbie Mohamad Al-Asad Nasser Rabbat An International Fully Refereed Journal Nicholas Wilkinson Published three times a year Nikos A. Salingaros Peter Rowe Suha Ozkan Volume (2) - Issue (1) - March 2008 William Mitchell Copyright © 2008 Archnet-IJAR, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Editorial Board All contributors granted Massachusetts Institute of Technology (“MIT”) worldwide Akhtar Chauhan rights and permission to reproduce, distribute, publicly display, and publicly Aleya Abel-Hadi perform the following Work in electronic format on the ArchNet Internet web site Ali Cengizkan at URL http://archnet.org. Amer Moustafa Anne Beamish Views, opinions, and research results are the responsibility of the contributors. Budi Sukada Images and figures are provided by the contributors. Dalila Al-Kerdani Donatella Mazzoleni Eman El-Nachar Fuad Mallick Hulya Turgut Ihab Elzeyadi M. Alaa Mandour Malika Bose Magda Sibley Archnet-IJAR is edited by Ashraf M. Salama and is published and archived by Mashary Al-Naim ARCHNET, the most comprehensive online community for architects, planners, Peter Kellett urban designers, interior designers, landscape architects, and scholars working Rabee Reffat in these fields, developed at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning in Yasser El-Shehstawy close cooperation with, and with the full support of The Aga Khan Trust for Yasser Mahgoub Culture, an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network. Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research 1 International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet- IJAR ArchNet International Journal of Architectural interested in developing their understanding Research – Archnet-IJAR is the first of its kind; and enhancing their knowledge about how an interdisciplinary comprehensive scholarly environments are designed, created, and used in journal of architecture, planning, and built physical, social, cultural, economic, and aesthetic environment studies, that is blind reviewed and terms. Archnet-IJAR content keeps readers published on the World Wide Web three times up-to-date on the latest ideas, designs, and a year. developments in built environment related fields. Objectives Archnet-JAR publishes research studies, criticisms Archnet-IJAR objective is to establish a bridge and evaluation studies, and critical analyses between theory and practice in the fields about the creation, use, and evaluation of of architectural and design research, and different types of environments at the macro urban planning and built environment studies. and micro scales. The journal includes original It reports on the latest research findings and empirical research papers, analytical case innovative approaches for creating responsive studies, and high quality position papers. Three environments, with special focus on architecture major areas are covered by Archnet-IJAR: and planning in developing countries. Architectural and Design Research: Archnet-IJAR is truly international and aims Topics include –but not limited to: architectural at strengthening ties between scholars from pedagogy and design studio teaching practices; different parts of the world with contributors architectural technology and sustainable design; and readers reaching across geography, design methods and architectural theories; boundaries, and cultures. design and project programming; environment- behavior studies; information technology; Archnet-IJAR articles come from architects, Islamic architecture; computer applications interior designers, planners, and landscape and virtual environments; post occupancy and architects, and from those working in these fields facility performance evaluation; and social and in academic institutions, universities, research cultural factors in design. centers, government agencies, and private practice. Urban and Built Environment Studies: Topics include --but not limited to: administrative Reader and political factors contributing to the shaping Archnet-IJAR addresses academics, practitioners, of communities, cities and urban regions, and students of archi-tecture, planning and community planning; sustainable urban interior design. It addresses those who are conservation; environmental planning and eco Copyright © 2008 Archnet-IJAR, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research 2 development; housing policy, planning, and Interested contributors contact the chief editor design; new urbanism; sustainable development; expressing interest, and submitting a summary of space syntax and GIS applications; and way- their paper. One page will do. finding and signage systems. The chief editor consults with the advisory and editorial board members according to their Critical Essays on Architectural and relevant expertise. Planning Projects: Essays that cover the above topics; critically Soon after receiving feedback from the referees, discussing projects in use; after they have been author(s) are contacted to submit their full designed, built and occupied. Articles are papers. preferred to utilize the case study approach as a When full papers are received, they will be critical method in built environment research. forwarded to two editorial board members for blind review, according to the referee form. Advisory and Editorial Boards The Chief Editor is in charge of developing The chief editor contacts the author(s) with the journal issues, seeking out resources and articles, referee form filled by the reviewers. While papers establishing publishing strategies, coordinating will be blind reviewed, in exceptional cases the review process, and posting each issue author(s) will be asked to communicate directly and its articles online. Archnet-IJAR has two with the reviewers. boards; advisory and editorial. The range of Author(s) revise their papers as noted by the expertise of the boards that include the panel reviewers and re-submit their work to the chief of referees –academics and professionals- editor. - ensures high quality scholarly papers and allows for a comprehensive academic review Author(s) should make sure that their submissions of contributions that span wide spectrum of should be free of jargon, clear, simple and to the issues, methods, theoretical approaches, and point. professional practice. Papers will be published in the next issue according to the following schedule: Submission Process March 30th (publishing date): December 15th Unlike other printed Journals where contributors (deadline to receive papers after reviews) wait for periods that reach two or three years July 30th (publishing date): April 15th for their work to get published, the value of (deadline to receive papers after reviews) Archnet-IJAR as an online journal is that it November 30th (publishing date): August 15th eliminates the large lead time needed for (deadline to receive papers after reviews) publication. However, submission, referee, and publishing processes are strict and adhere to Interested reviewers and members of the the following procedures: advisory board may submit their work for publication in Archnet-IJAR. Their work will go Copyright © 2008 Archnet-IJAR, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research 3 through the same blind review process and will the readers’ search on Archnet Website, and follow the preceding procedures. should not exceed 5 key words. Articles Notes to Contributors Articles should not exceed 6000 words, including references. 1. Submission of Manuscripts The language of the journal is English. All Notes submissions will be online. One copy of the Avoid the use of footnotes and endnotes, if manuscript (in word document format) together unavoidable, label as (1), (2) and list all together with original figures and tables must be submitted at the end of the paper. to the editor: Ashraf Salama [email protected] The name, mailing address, position, affiliation, References telephone, fax, and email of each author must References in the text should give the surname be supplied in a cover letter attached