40 Marcin Łączek Bilingualism in an Exolingual Environment: Polish Ethnic Minority in the UK Studi@ Naukowe pod redakcją naukową Sambora Gruczy Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Komunikacji Specjalistycznej i Interkulturowej Uniwersytet Warszawski Studi@ Naukowe 40 Komitet Redakcyjny prof. Sambor Grucza (przewodniczący), dr hab. Monika Płużyczka, dr Ilona Banasiak, dr Michał Wilczewski Rada Naukowa prof. Elżbieta Jamrozik (przewodnicząca), prof. Silvia Bonacchi, prof. Adam Elbanowski, dr hab. Krzysztof Fordoński, dr hab. Magdalena Latkowska, prof. Ludmiła Łucewicz, dr hab. Magdalena Olpińska-Szkiełko, prof. Olena Petrashchuk, dr hab. Boris Schwencke, dr hab. Paweł Szerszeń, prof. Anna Tylusińska-Kowalska, prof. Ewa Wolnicz-Pawłowska, dr hab. Bernadetta Wójtowicz-Huber, prof. Ewa Żebrowska Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Komunikacji Specjalistycznej i Interkulturowej Uniwersytet Warszawski Warszawa 2018 Marcin Łączek Bilingualism in an Exolingual Environment: Polish Ethnic Minority in the UK Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Komunikacji Specjalistycznej i Interkulturowej Uniwersytet Warszawski Warszawa 2018 2 Komitet redakcyjny prof. Sambor Grucza (przewodniczący), dr hab. Monika Płużyczka, dr Ilona Banasiak, dr Michał Wilczewski Skład i redakcja techniczna dr Marcin Łączek, prof. Sambor Grucza Projekt okładki BMA Studio e-mail: [email protected] www.bmastudio.pl Założyciel serii prof. dr hab. Sambor Grucza ISSN 2299-9310 ISBN 978-83-64020-60-5 Wydanie pierwsze Redakcja nie ponosi odpowiedzialności za zawartość merytoryczną oraz stronę językową publikacji. Publikacja Polskie i europejskie nurty terminologiczne jest dostępną na licencji Creative Commons. Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 3.0 Polska. 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(+48 22) 55 34 253 / 248 e-mail: [email protected] www.sn.iksi.uw.edu.pl 3 Table of Contents List of Tables ..............................................................................................................6 List of Figures ............................................................................................................6 Preface ........................................................................................................................7 Bilingualism: Review of Terminology......................................................................9 . Introduction ........................................................................................................9 . (Applied) Linguistics and Glottodidactics/ Didactics of Foreign Language Teaching .............................................................................................................9 . Bilingualism ..................................................................................................... 11 . Typology of Bilingualism ................................................................................ 13 . Other (Essential) Concepts in Bilingualism ..................................................... 17 . Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 18 Bilingual (English – Polish) Glossary of Terminology of Bilingualism .............. 20 Bilingualism: Review of Research .......................................................................... 22 . Introduction ...................................................................................................... 22 . Bilingualism ..................................................................................................... 22 . History of Bilingualism .................................................................................... 23 . Review of Research .......................................................................................... 24 . Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 29 On Minority Languages (with Particular Consideration of Welsh) ................... 32 . Introduction ...................................................................................................... 32 . Legal Conditioning ........................................................................................... 32 . From Bi-/ Multilingualism to Plurilingualism. Ethnic Diversity ..................... 34 . On Minority Languages (with Particular Consideration of Welsh) .................. 36 . The Welsh Language ........................................................................................ 39 . Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 41 Acculturation of Polish (E/ Im)migrants – United in Diversity? ......................... 43 . Introduction ...................................................................................................... 43 . Ethnic Minorities: (E/ Im)migrants versus Asylum-Seekers and Refugees ....... 43 . Interpersonal Psychological Processes: Establishing One’s Own (Cultural) Identity ............................................................................................................. 45 . Adaptation Problems: From Assimilation through Integration and Marginalisation to Isolation ............................................................................. 46 . How Are We Seen? (Polish Ethnic Minority in Great Britain) ......................... 49 . Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 50 4 Polonia Education in an Exolingual Environment (based on the UK). From Polska Szkoła Parafialna [Polish Parochial School] to Polish Abroad Saturday School ........................................................................................................................ 52 . Introduction ...................................................................................................... 52 . Contexts of Teaching the Native Language versus the Other (Based on English) ............................................................................................................ 52 . Contexts of Teaching the Native Language versus the Other (Based on Polish) .. 55 . Emigration from Poland (2004–2013) ............................................................. 57 . Polonia Education in an Exolingual Environment (based on the UK) ............. 59 . Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 63 Facilitative Function of English Educational Policy with Regard to Ethnic Minorities: Milton Keynes LEA ............................................................................. 64 . Introduction ...................................................................................................... 64 . Major Assumptions of Education and Inspections Act (vs Assumptions of European Policies) ........................................................................................... 64 . Ethnic Minorities in the lens of Local English Educational Policy: Milton Keynes Local Education Authority .................................................................. 69 . Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 71 The British Polish – the Polish British. Achievements of the Younger Generation of Emigrants in their Mother Tongue: General Certificate of Secondary Education (Polish) ................................................................................ 74 . Introduction ...................................................................................................... 74 . Glottodidactics versus Bilingual Education ..................................................... 74 . General Certificate of Secondary Education (Polish). Achievements of the Younger Generation of Emigrants in their Mother Tongue ............................. 79 . Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 83 Combating Unemployment via Adult Education. Polish Ethnic Minority in London Borough of Ealing ..................................................................................... 85 . Introduction ...................................................................................................... 85 . Definition of the Unemployed. Unemployment in Poland and the UK ........... 85 . Education System in England and Wales ......................................................... 87 . Ealing Adult Learning ...................................................................................... 89 . Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 93 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 95 5 List of Tables Table 1. K. Rolstad, K. Mahoney and G. V. Glass' coded characteristics of the studies (2005: 82)…………………………………………………………28 Table 2. Combining effect sizes (ES) by grouping by K. Rolstad et al. (2005: 589)...30 Table 3. Distribution of study types by J. Mathews-Aydinli (2008: