How to Write a Thesis How to Write a Thesis U E translated by Caterina Mongiat Farina and Geoff Farina foreword by Francesco Erspamer The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2015 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Translated from the original Italian, Come si fa una tesi di laurea: le materie umanistiche, © 1977/2012 Bompiani/RCS Libri S.p.A., Via Angelo Rizzoli 8 – 20132 Milano All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use. For information, please email [email protected]. his book was set in Chapparal Pro by the MIT Press. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. isbn: 978-0-262-52713-2 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Foreword by Francesco Erspamer ix Translators’ Foreword xv Introduction to the Original 1977 Edition xix Introduction to the 1985 Edition xxiii 1 THE DEFINITION AND PURPOSE OF THE THESIS 1.1 What Is a Thesis, and Why Is It Required? 1 1.2 For Whom Is This Book Written? 4 1.3 The Usefulness of a Thesis after Graduation 5 1.4 Four Obvious Rules for Choosing a Thesis Topic 7 2 CHOOSING THE TOPIC 2.1 Monograph or Survey? 9 2.2 Historical or Theoretical? 13 2.3 Ancient or Contemporary? 16 2.4 How Long Does It Take to Write a Thesis? 17 2.5 Is It Necessary to Know Foreign Languages? 22 2.6 “Scientific” or Political? 26 2.6.1 What Does It Mean to Be Scientific? 26 2.6.2 Writing about Direct Social Experience 32 2.6.3 Treating a “Journalistic” Topic with Scientific Accuracy 35 2.7 How to Avoid Being Exploited by Your Advisor 42 vi Contents 3 CONDUCTING RESEARCH 3.1 The Availability of Primary and Secondary Sources 45 3.1.1 What Are the Sources of a Scientific Work? 45 3.1.2 Direct and Indirect Sources 50 3.2 Bibliographical Research 54 3.2.1 How to Use the Library 54 3.2.2 Managing Your Sources with the Bibliographical Index Card File 58 3.2.3 Documentation Guidelines 62 3.2.4 An Experiment in the Library of Alessandria 79 3.2.5 Must You Read Books? If So, What Should You Read First? 103 4 THE WORK PLAN AND THE INDEX CARDS 4.1 The Table of Contents as a Working Hypothesis 107 4.2 Index Cards and Notes 115 4.2.1 Various Types of Index Cards and Their Purpose 115 4.2.2 Organizing the Primary Sources 123 4.2.3 The Importance of Readings Index Cards 126 4.2.4 Academic Humility 142 5 WRITING THE THESIS 5.1 The Audience 145 5.2 How to Write 147 5.3 Quotations 156 5.3.1 When and How to Quote: 10 Rules 156 5.3.2 Quotes, Paraphrases, and Plagiarism 164 5.4 Footnotes 167 5.4.1 The Purpose of Footnotes 167 5.4.2 The Notes and Bibliography System 170 5.4.3 The Author-Date System 174 5.5 Instructions, Traps, and Conventions 179 5.6 Academic Pride 183 Contents vii 6 THE FINAL DRAFT 6.1 Formatting the Thesis 186 6.1.1 Margins and Spaces 186 6.1.2 Underlining and Capitalizing 188 6.1.3 Sections 190 6.1.4 Quotation Marks and Other Signs 191 6.1.5 Transliterations and Diacritics 195 6.1.6 Punctuation, Foreign Accents, and Abbreviations 199 6.1.7 Some Miscellaneous Advice 204 6.2 The Final Bibliography 208 6.3 The Appendices 212 6.4 The Table of Contents 214 7 CONCLUSIONS 221 Notes 225 FOREWORD How to Write a Thesis was first published in 1977 in Italy, where it has remained in print ever since. Not only has the book provided instruction and inspiration for generations of Italian students, but it has been translated into seventeen languages, including Persian (1996), Russian (2001), and Chinese (2003). Remarkably, given the book’s success, in an era when editorial facelifts, sequels, and new editions have become publishing norms, the book has not been revised or updated, apart from an augmented introduction that Umberto Eco wrote for the 1985 edition. Its durable rules and sound advice have remained constant, despite passing trends and changing technologies. I am not sure whether this qualifies it as a classic. A clas- sic, Italo Calvino wrote, is a work which relegates the noise of the present to a background hum—but without rendering that hum inaudible. Indeed, at first glance, this book may seem incompatible with our present, considering that chap- ter 6 is typewritten rather than word-processed (with under- lining to render italics!) and that chapter 4 includes repro- ductions of index cards with handwritten corrections and additions. As unfamiliar as this way of taking notes may be to today’s students, it evokes nostalgic memories for those of us who attended college before the 1990s. The persistence of How to Write a Thesis is not due to nostalgia, however, nor do I think it is because it renders the noise of the present remote. I believe the book’s staying power has to do with the very essence of the humanities. x Foreword by Francesco Erspamer The humanities are not a body of texts, objects, and infor- mation that we inherited from the past—either a remote past or one so recent that we perceive it as our present, although as soon as we examine it we understand that it is irrevocably gone. The humanities are the process of pres- ervation and appropriation of that pastness, a process that requires specific skills acquired through practice, as all skills are. This book teaches a techne, in the Greek sense of applied and context-related knowledge—a sort of craftsmanship. This is why its title is not, say, What Is a Thesis?, an ontolog- ical question. Its avowed objective, the thesis, is actually less important than the occurrence of writing it, of “making” it: how to write a thesis. Umberto Eco takes us back to the orig- inal purpose of theses and dissertations as defining events that conclude a program of study. They are not a test or an exam, nor should they be. They are not meant to prove that the student did his or her homework. Rather, they prove that students can make something out of their education. This is particularly important today, when we are more accustomed to thinking in compliance with the software of our laptop or doing research according to the logic of a tablet than to thinking and researching in a personal and indepen- dent way. Written in the age of typewriters, card catalogs, and writing pads, How to Write a Thesis is less about the final outcome than about the path and method of arriving there. For Aristotle, knowledge was pursued for its own sake, and such a pursuit could be justified only by an instinctive drive and the intellectual pleasure generated by the fulfillment of that instinct. For Kant, aesthetics and judgment were based on disinterestedness: they could not be programmed, only experienced. The humanities are intrinsically creative and innovative. They are about originality and invention, not discovery. This is precisely Eco’s testimony; even more than a technical manual, this book is an invitation to ingenuity, a tribute to imagination. By exposing twenty-first-century students to long-estab- lished practices of scholarly research, this book will introduce them to the core skills that constitute the writing of a thesis: finding an important and intriguing topic, being thorough, taking pride in one’s work, giving thoughts time to develop, Foreword by Francesco Erspamer xi identifying with a subject, and being resourceful in locating information about it. That is exactly what this book did for me, as a student and young scholar. How to Write a Thesis was first published just as I was beginning to think about writing my own thesis, and it was from the Italian edition of this book (Come si fa una tesi di laurea) that I learned how to choose a topic, how to look for sources and prepare a bib- liography, how to use my library’s research systems, how to organize and prioritize information, and finally how to write a captivating and professional dissertation. It remained an indispensable reference source to me for years, long after I had defended and published my thesis. When I began work- ing at the University of Rome, I recommended it to my own students. Many professors in Italy today still refer their stu- dents to it, and many university websites in other countries quote long passages from the book as part of the protocol for students to become familiar with before they write a thesis. And yet, when I moved to the United States in 1993, I was not sure whether it made sense to bring How to Write a Thesis with me. Moving one’s library to a new place always involves questions about one’s future priorities: I distinctly remem- ber taking up the book, turning over a few pages, balancing it in my hand, and hesitating. Things were changing quickly. Eco’s methods of organizing and filing information were still effective, but word processors and the Internet were beginning to offer exciting alternatives to long-established research and writing techniques.