VERVAL EN REVITALISATIE VAN HET IERS EN HET HEBREEUWS Een Literatuurstudie

VERVAL EN REVITALISATIE VAN HET IERS EN HET HEBREEUWS Een Literatuurstudie

UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTEIT LETTEREN EN WIJSBEGEERTE ____________________ 2007 – 2008 VERVAL EN REVITALISATIE VAN HET IERS EN HET HEBREEUWS Een literatuurstudie Promotor: Verhandeling voorgelegd aan de Prof. dr. K. Willems Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte voor het verkrijgen van de graad van licentiaat in de Taal- en Letterkunde: Germaanse talen, door Evelyne Lecoutere Dankwoord Eerst en vooral wil ik mijn promotor, Prof. dr. Klaas Willems, van harte bedanken voor zijn advies bij het maken van deze scriptie. De motiverende e-mails en de hulp die ik van hem kreeg bij de zoektocht naar interessante bronnen hebben vast en zeker bijgedragen tot dit eindresultaat. Daarnaast bedank ik Dr. Jeroen Van Pottelberge om mij te helpen bij het uitdenken van een gepast scriptieonderwerp. Ook bedankt aan mijn familie en vrienden voor de aanmoediging die ik de afgelopen weken heb gekregen. i 0. INLEIDING ...........................................................................1 1. TAALVERVAL ......................................................................2 1.1 Algemeen................................................................................. 2 1.1.0 Inleiding ..................................................................................2 1.1.1 Ontstaan van taalverval ..........................................................3 1.1.2 Gradaties van taalverval .........................................................3 1.1.3 ‘Language revival’ en ‘language revitalisation’ ......................6 1.2 Het verval van het Hebreeuws en het Iers .......................... 11 1.2.0 Inleiding ................................................................................11 1.2.1 Historisch overzicht...............................................................11 A. Iers……. .......................................................................................... 11 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................... 15 C. Conclusie......................................................................................... 18 1.2.2 Oorzaken van taalverval .......................................................19 1.2.2.1 Kolonialisatie.......................................................................... 20 A. Iers................................................................................................20 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................29 C. Conclusie......................................................................................35 1.2.2.2 Geografische factoren............................................................ 36 A. Iers................................................................................................36 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................38 C. Conclusie......................................................................................39 1.2.2.3 Demografische factoren........................................................ 39 A. Iers................................................................................................40 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................41 C. Conclusie......................................................................................42 1.2.2.4 Economische factoren .......................................................... 42 A. Iers................................................................................................43 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................44 C. Conclusie......................................................................................45 1.2.2.5 Psychologische factoren....................................................... 45 A. Iers................................................................................................45 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................47 C. Conclusie......................................................................................48 1.2.2.6 Religieuze factoren............................................................... 48 A. Iers................................................................................................49 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................50 C. Conclusie......................................................................................50 1.2.2.7 Linguïstische factoren........................................................... 51 A. Iers................................................................................................51 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................52 C. Conclusie......................................................................................52 ii 1.2.2.8 Invloed van onderwijs ........................................................... 52 A. Iers................................................................................................52 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................53 C. Conclusie......................................................................................54 1.2.2.9 Invloed van overheid............................................................. 54 A. Iers................................................................................................54 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................55 C. Conclusie......................................................................................56 1.2.2.10 Invloed van media................................................................. 56 A. Iers................................................................................................56 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................57 C. Conclusie......................................................................................57 1.2.3 Conclusie ..............................................................................57 2. TAALREVITALISATIE........................................................59 2.1 Algemeen .............................................................................. 59 2.1.0 Inleiding ................................................................................59 2.1.1 Theorieën over revitalisatie...................................................59 2.1.1.1 Taalrevitalisatie volgens een stappenplan............................. 60 2.1.1.2 Taalrevitalisatie is taalspecifiek............................................. 63 2.1.1.3 Keuze of verplichting?........................................................... 65 2.1.1.4 Conclusie.............................................................................. 65 2.2 Revitalisatie van het Hebreeuws en het Iers....................... 67 2.2.0 Inleiding ................................................................................67 2.2.1 Oorsprong, intenties en resultaten........................................67 A. Iers…............................................................................................... 67 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................... 72 C. Conclusie......................................................................................... 76 2.2.2 Invloed van acties en context ...............................................77 2.2.2.1 Nationalisme en identiteit...................................................... 78 A. Iers................................................................................................78 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................80 C. Conclusie......................................................................................83 2.2.2.2 Geografische factoren........................................................... 83 A. Iers................................................................................................83 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................85 C. Conclusie......................................................................................85 2.2.2.3 Demografische factoren........................................................ 85 A. Iers................................................................................................86 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................87 C. Conclusie......................................................................................89 2.2.2.4 Economische factoren .......................................................... 89 A. Iers................................................................................................89 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................91 C. Conclusie......................................................................................92 iii 2.2.2.5 Psychologische factoren....................................................... 92 A. Iers................................................................................................92 B. Hebreeuws ...................................................................................94 C. Conclusie......................................................................................96

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