APPENDIX 1: MONASTIC AND RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS IN THIRTEENTH-CENTURY FLANDERS AND HAINAUT Affiliation: Arrouaise Name Date of Foundation MenlWomen Eeckhout c. 1060/1146 Arrouaise Men Choques 1120/1138 Arrouaise Men Cysoing 855/1132 Arrouaise Men Phalernpin 1039/1145 Arrouaise Men Saint-Jean Baptiste c. 680/1142 Arrouaise Men Saint-Ni colas des Pres 1125/1140 Arrouaise Men Warneton 1066/1142 Arrouaise Men Zoetendale 1162/1215 re-founded Men Zonnebeke 1072/1142 Arrouaise Men Affiliation: Augustinian Canons Name Date of Foundation MenlWomen Saint-Aubert 963/1066 reforrned Men Saint-Marie, Voormezele 1069/1110 reforrned Men Saint-Martin, Ypres 1012/1102 reformed Men Saint-Pierre de Loo c. 1050/1093 reformed Men Saint-Pierre et Saint-Vaast c. 1091 Men Affiliation: Beguines Name Date cf Foundation MenlWomen Aardenburg 1249 Wornen Audenarde 1272 Wornen Bardonck, Y pres 1271/1273 Wornen Bergues 1259 Wornen 118 WOMEN, POWER, AND RELIGIOUS PATRONAGE Binehe 1248 Wornen Briel, Y pres 1240 Wornen Carnbrai 1233 Wornen Charnpfleury, Douai 1251 Wornen Damme 1259 Wornen Deinze 1273 Wornen Diksrnuide 1273 Wornen Ijzendijke 1276 Wornen Maubeuge 1273 Wornen Cantirnpre, Mons 1245 Wornen Orehies 1267 Wornen Portaaker (Ghent) 1273 Wornen Quesnoy 1246 Wornen Saint-Aubert (Bruges) 1270 Wornen Sainte-Elisabeth (Courtrai) 1242 Wornen Sainte-Elisabeth (Ghent) 1234 Wornen Sainte-Elisabeth (Lilie) 1244/1245 Wornen Sainte-Elisabeth (Valeneiennes) 1239 Wornen Ter Hooie (Ghent) 1262 Wornen Tournai 1241 Wornen Wetz (Douai) 1245 Wornen Wijngaard (Bruges) 1242 Wornen Affiliation: Benedictine Name Date oJ Foundation Men/Women Anehin 1079 Men Notre-Darne d'Avesnes 1028 Wornen Bergues Saint-Winoe 1028 Men Bourbourg c. 1099 Wornen Notre-Darne de Conde e. 630 Wornen Ghislenghien 1126 Wornen Ghistelies e.1090 Wornen Hasnon e. 670 Double to 1065 Hautrnont 649 Men Liesses 751 Men Marehiennes e. 647 Double to 1028 Notre-Darne de Merkern 1090 Wornen Notre-Darne de Messines 1060 Wornen Nonnenbossehe 1101 Wornen Oudenbourg c. 1083 Men Saint-Adrian Grammont 733 Men APPENDIX 119 Saint-Arnand les Eaux c. 639 Men Saint-Andre-les-Bruges 1098 Men Saint-Andre-du-Cateau c. 1030 Men Saint-Bavon c. 639 Men Saint-Bertin c. 847 Men Saint-Denis-en-Broqueroye 1081 Men Saint-Ghislain c.681 Men Saint-Jean-au-Mont 1080 Men Saint-Martin c. 652 Men Saint-Pierre a Dickelvenne 734 Men Saint-Pierre de Lobbes 654/691 Men Saint-Pierre au Mont Blandin c. 650 Men Saint-Sauveur a Eenarne 1064 Men Saint-Saulve c. 850 Men Saint-Sepulcre 1064 Men Saint-Waudru c. 686 Wornen Affiliation: Cistercian Name Date of Foundation Men/Women Aulne 868/1147 incorporation Men Boudelo 1225/1245 Men Beaupre, Grimminge 1228 Wornen Beaupre-sur-la-Lys 1220/1224 incorporation Wornen Bijloke 1228 Wornen Blendecques 1186/1201 incorporation Wornen Bonharn c. 1233 Wornen Brayelle 1196/1212 incorporation Wornen Carnbron 1148 Men Clairrnarais 1128/1140 incorporation Men Doornzele 1234 Wornen Ter Doest 1106/1174 incorporation Men Ter Duinen 1107/1139 incorporation Men Epinlieu 1216 Wornen Flines 1234 Wornen Fontenelle 1212 Wornen Groeninghe 1236 Wornen Ter Hagen 1230/1236 incorporation Wornen Hernelsdale 1238/1241 incorporation Wornen Loos 1149 Men Marquette 1224 Wornen Mont d'Or, Guldenberg 1214 Wornen 120 WOMEN, POWER, AND RELIGIOUS PATRONAGE Nieuwenbos 1215 Wornen Olive c. 1233 Wornen Oosteeklo c. 1228 Wornen Notre-Darne des Pres 1218 Wornen Ravensberg 1194 Wornen Refuge-Notre-Dame, Ath 1234 Wornen Ter Roosen 1228/1235 incorporated Wornen Saulchoir 1233/1234 Wornen Soleilmont 1088/1237 incorporated Wornen Spennalie 1200/1234 incorporated Wornen Verger 1227 Wornen Vivier 1219 Wornen Woestine c. 1244 Wornen Zwijveke 1221/1228 incorporated Wornen Affiliation: Order des Ecoliers Name Date oJ Foundation Men/Women Notre-Dame des Ecoliers 1252 Men Affiliation: Franciscan Name Date oJ Foundation Men/Women Audenarde 1273 Wornen Audenarde 1252 Men Bourbourg 1251 Men Bruges 1227/1233 Men Bruges 1255/1256 Wornen Carnbrai 1251 Men Douai 1246 Men Ghent 1223/1226 Men Langemark (Ypres) 1255 Wornen Lilie 1226/1227 Men Mons 1228 Men Tournai 1235 Men Valenciennes 1225 Men Ypres 1249 Men Affiliation: Dominican Name Date of Foundation Men/Women Abbiette 1275 Wornen Bergues 1244/1245 Men APPENDIX 121 Bruges 1234 Men Dauai 1268 Men Ghent 1228 Men Lille 1225 Men Valenciennes 1233 Men Ypres 1268/1269 Men Affiliation: Premonstratensian Name Date 01 Foundation Men/Women Banne Esperance 1125/1126 Men Chateau l'Abbaye c. 870/1155 Prernantre Men Cherscarnp 1147 Warnen Herlairnant 1135 Warnen Heylissern 1129 Warnen Haften Vrauw 1167/1179 Warnen Ninave 1137 Men Petegern 1135 Warnen Rivreulle 1140 Warnen Seneffe 1181 Men Saint-Feuillan 1126 Men Saint-Nicalas, Furnes 1120/1135 Prernantre Men Tronchiennes 1136 Men Tusschenbeek 1256 Warnen Vicaigne 1125 Men Affiliation: Order of Saint-Victor Name Date 01 Foundation Men/Women Beaulieu-sin-le-nable 1224 Warnen Bethleern 1244 Warnen Natre-Darne de Cantirnpre 1180 Men Natre-Darne de la 1236 Warnen Nauvelle Plante Raasenberg 1235/1238 incarparated Warnen Sainte-Elisabeth, Bergues 1227/1248 incarparated Warnen Sainte-Elisabeth, Quesnay 1233/1261 incarparated Warnen Saint-Trond 1149/1248 incarparated Warnen Pd~s-Parcins 1231 Warnen La Thure 1244 Warnen APPENDIX 2: GENEALOGY OF THE COUNTS OF FLANDERS AND HAINAUT Baldwin IX m. Marie of Champagne July 1171-c. 1205 c. 1174-9 August 1204 Jeanne Marguerite 1200-44 1202-80 m. 1) Ferrand of Portugal m. 1) Bouchard of Avenses d. 1235 1177-1244 I Marie 1231-35 m. 2) Thomas of Savoy Baldwin Jean I, Count of Hainaut Baldwin d. 1217 1218-1257 1219-? m. Alice ofHollande (1246) m. FeIicite de Coucy Jean II Bouchard Guillaurne Guy F10rent 1247-1304 1251-96 c. 1254-96 c.1253-1317 c.1255-97 m. Philippa ofLuxembourg (c. 1271) Beatrice Jean d. 1321 d. 1283 m. Henri ofLuxembourg (1261) 124 WOMEN, POWER, AND RELIGIOUS PATRONAGE m. 2) William ofDampierre c. 1197-1231 William III Guy Jeanne Jean Marie 1224-51 1225-1304 1226-46 1228-58 m. m. m. m. Beatrice ofBrabant 1) Mahuat ofBethune 1) Hugo III, Laurette Count of Rethel Jean 2) Thibaut II de Bar Robert III Marie Beatrice William of Jean Philip Marguerite de Bethune d. 1297 c. 1260-91 Crevecoeur 1250-91 1263-1318 d. 1285 1249-1322 m. 1) Blanche of Anjou m.Jean I d. 1271 ofBrabant Kar! d. 1277 m. 2) Isabelle ofLuxembourg (1265) Jean I ofNamur Marguerite of Dampierre Isabelle Beatrice 1267-1330 d. 1331 1275-1323 d.1307 NOTES Introduction Powerful Women and Religious Patronage Epigraph. Jean Francois Foppens, Diplomatum Belgicomm Nova Collection sive Supplementum ad Opera Diplomatica Auberti Miraei, vol. 1 (Brussels, 1734), no. 33 Ouly 1239), pp. 586-87. 1. Such views were presented by Joanne McNamara and Suzanne Wemple in "The Power of Women through the Family," in Women and Power in the Middle Ages, ed. Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski (Athens, 1988), pp. 83-101. They conclude that "[t]he public power of artistocratic women... decreased significandy after the twelfth century when the growing power of the state and the rise offormal education restricted women from fol­ lowing previous avenues of power. At the same time, changes in inheritance practices, dowry, and dower reduced the economic power women enjoyed within families," p. 5. See also Susan Mosher Stuard, "The Dominion of Gender or How Women Fared in the High Middle Ages," in Becoming Visible. Women in European History, ed. Renate Bridenthal, Claudia Koonz, and Susan Stuard, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1987), pp. 129-50. Recent research has continued the discussion initiated by McNamara and Wemple, debating the extent to which the year 1000 witnessed dramatic changes regarding female inheritance. See Pauline StafIord, Queens, Concubines and Dowagers. Ihe Kings Wife in the Early Middle Ages, 2nd rev. ed. (London, 1998), p. xvii; Theodore Evergates, ed., Aristocratic Women in Medieval France (Philadelphia, 1999) and Erler and Kowaleski's own reassessment in Gendering the Master Narrative. Women and Power in the Middle Ages (Ithaca, 2003), most notably Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski, "A New Economy of Power Relations: Female Agency in the Middle Ages," pp. 1-16 and J oAnn McNamara, "Women and Power through the Family Revisited," pp. 17-30. McNamara affirms her earlier conclusion that after 1000 " ...women were disadvantaged by the development of more centralized states, a more hierarchical church and an urban society based on the money economy" p. 22. 2. For abrief of summary of medieval views as they related to powerful women see Georges Duby, "Women and Power," in Cultures cf Power: Lordship, Status, and Process in Tweljih-Century Europe, ed. Thomas N. Bisson (Philadelphia, 1995), pp. 69-85. For a slighdy later period see Joel T. 126 NOTES Rosenthal, Patriarehy and Families of Privilege in Fifteenth-Century England (Philadelphia, 1991), pp. 15-17. 3. Baldwin's successes on the Fourth Crusade are presented in detail by R.L. WolfT, "Baldwin of Flanders and Hainaut, First Latin Emperor of Constantinople: His Life, Death and Resurrection, 1172-1225," Speeulum 27 (1952): 281-322. 4. R.L. Wolff provides the most detailed discussion of the thirteenth-century soure es that addressed Baldwin's fate, attempting to sort between fact and the fanciful. See Wolff, "Baldwin ofFlanders and Hainaut," pp. 298-300. 5. Charles Duvivier, Les Influenees Franfaise et Germanique en Belgique au XIII siede. La Querelle des d'Avesnes et des Dampierres jusqu'a la mort de Jean d'Avesnes (1257), 2 vols. (Bruxelles, 1894), p. 94. 6. There are several recent articles that contribute to the reassessment of the public/private dichotomy as it functioned in the Middle Ages. Of particular note are Janet Nelson's response to the adoption of this dichotomy as a primary organizing principle of medieval society by Georges Duby in A History of Private Life, ed. Philippe Aries and Duby (Cambridge, 1988). Nelson questions the applicability of the public/private dichotomy, suggest­ ing that modem authors often equate a conceptual divide with a nonexistent physical divide in what amounts to an anachronistic approach to understand­ ing medieval society.