r BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE EVALUATION AND PROPERTIES OF PAPER BAGS AND SACKS Project 2033 Progress Report One to MULTIWALL SHIPPING SACK PAPER MANUFACTURERS July, 1958 I THE INSTITUTE OF PAPER CHEMISTRY Appleton" Wisconsin Bibliography on The Evaluation and Properties of Paper Bags and Sacks Project 2033 Progress Report One to MULTIWALL SHIPPING SACK PAPER MANUFACTURERS July, 1958 PREFACE This bibliography covers the literature through May, 1958 on the evaluation and properties of paper bags and sacks. In addition, testing methods for films are included. Where no abstract is given, neither the original nor an abstract was available. The chief sources of reference were Bulletin of The Institute of Paper Chemistry; Chemical Abstracts and Packaging Abstracts. This is Progress Report One of Project 2033. Pro- gress Report Two will cover the manufacture and uses of paper bags and sacks. l, Adhesives for printed matter. Patra J. 3, nol 4:157-8(Jano9 1940); BoIoPoCo 10:320. The efficiency of an adhesive depends to some extent on whether or not it will wet the surfaces which are to be joined together, particularly if they are nonporouso It is often a difficult matter to wet the hard dry sur- face of printing inko The present investigation concerned the pasting of paper bags which were printed on the outside with an almost solid design in difficulty blue ink o No special glue flaps had been left unprinted and no was experienced if the bags were made up soon after printing On the present occasion a quantity had been stored for some time before pasting and it was found impossible to obtain satisfactory adhesion with the usual paste. Ex- periments were made with 13 different adhesives, some with the addition of problem; a wetting agent o Two gave satisfactory results but involved an odor glue with ammonium ricinoleate was the only satisfactory adhesive, particu- larly when dried in the oven 20 Allen, R. Jo LoD and Paine, F. A. Transport trials and laboratory tests on food containers. I. Lined kraft-paper bags. J. Scio Food Agri- culture 2, no. 5:208-17(May, 1951); B.IoPCo 21s867; Packaging Abstr. 8:533. The serviceability of kraft-paper bags lined with greaseproof paper for packaging corn flour has been assessed in statistically designed transport trials Closely similar results were obtained by laboratory drop tests. However, conventional strength tests on the kraft paper showed no correlation with the behavior of the bags in service. 30 Allen; Ro J. Loe and Paine, F. A. Transport trials of paper bags. Modern Packaging 26; noo l1:56-9; 199(Septep 1952); BeIoPoC. 23:1180 This is a reprint of Abstro Noo 2; with the exception of the appendix containing eight tables 4o American Cyanamid Coo The past; present and future of wet-strength papers Paper, Film and Foil Converter 28, no. 7:19-22(July; 1954); BoIoPoC 24:1016o Wet-strength paper is expected to play a big role in the expansion of the paper market ' calculated at 1000 pounds of paper/person in the United States in 1980o Properties of wet-strength papers (Melostrength papers of the company) are compared with ordinary papers in tensile' fold; and print- ing qualities. Application in special products such as ice-cube bags, potato bags, filter papers, etco, are discussed; a big future is looked for in disposable and nondisposable wearing apparel. 5o American Maize-Products Coo Bag flattener simplifies palletized handling of multiwall bags Packaging Parade 21, noo 2430I70-2, 174(April,- 1953); BoIoPoCo 23:668. Palletized handling of multiwall bags is difficult because of the 2 shifting nature of the material contained in these bags. The company dis- covered a means to accomplish such palletizing successfully by passing the filled and stitched bags through a bag flattenere The system used for this operation and the route of the bag from the time it is filled until it is unloaded from a railroad car are describedO 6. The American market for large-capacity shipping bagsO Reve papiers et cartons 15, no. 20:9-10(0cto 15D 1952); B.IePoCe 23:356; Packag- ing Abstr, 10:356. The different constructions of American single-ply or multiwall ship- ping bags, types of closures and papers employed, the usual physical characteristics of kraft bag paper, and the use of wet-strength paper are described Z7 American Society for Testing Materials' Standard method of drop test for bags. ASTM Designations D 959-50. 1955 Supplement to Book of ASTH Standards, part 7:1094-96. 8. American Society for Testing Materials. Tentative methods of test for tensile properties of thin plastic sheets and films. ASTM Desig- nation:D882-56T, 1957 Supplement to Book of ASTM Standards, part 7:42-9. 2o American Viscose Corp. New cellophane flex tester. Gravure 2, no, l1052(0ct,, 1956); Packaging Abstro 13s1017; Printing Abstr. 11:785. This unit was designed to reproduce to some degree the old hand flex operation used to determine the durability of cellulose film. The effect of printing and other drying operations on durability of the film can be readily evaluated with the flex tester by checking samples taken before and after processing. The operation of the device is described. 10. Anderson, A Ao, and Morfitt, Ge L. Mechanical properties of thin polyethylene film. Modern Plastics 35, nao 8:139, 142, 144, 147-8, 222, 224, 226(April, 1958); B.I.PoC. 28sl281. An apparatus for determining the stress-strain characteristics of thin plastic films at elongation rates of 0.03-600 ino/sece and at temperatures down to -70'C. is described, The effects of temperature and elongation rate on the properties of high-molecular, high-pressure polyethylene film and its heat seals are discussed In general, ultimate strength and yield stress increase with decreasing temperature, whereas ductility and rupture energy are reduced by lowering the temperature or by increasing the rate of exten- sion. An increase in elongation rate also raises the ductile-brittle trans- formation temperature of the film. A transition in the flow behavior of poly- ethylene film between -15 and -45° and its effect on the mechanical properties are described 11o Anderson, Ro Po Gurley-Hill S-P-S smoothness test evaluation of sack paper for nonskid properties. Tappi 41, no, 58150-lA(May, 1958). 3 The three common procedures for carrying out the evaluation of smooth- ness with the Gurley-Hill S-P-S tester Noo 4190 are outlined9 and the advan- tages and disadvantages of using this type of test for evaluating the non- skid properties of multiwall sack paper are pointed outo 12o Andersong Ro P0 The Frag tester sack paper tester noo 831o Tappi 41, noo 5o154-5A(May, 1958)o The Frag tester measures the resistance of paper to repeated impacts by a force smaller than the breaking load of the papero The instrument con- sists of a metal cylinder over the open bottom of which is clamped the test specimen The sample is clamped directionally so that the two major direc- tions of paper may be tested separately There is a considerable degree of correlation between the Frag test and the tensile times stretch and Van der Korput dynamic tensile test The test may be of practical value to compare absolute bursting strength of bag constructions now in use to estab- lish standards for different constructions that will provide satisfactory performance 1 Anderson8o2 Ro Po The Instron tester0 Tappi 41, noo 5:158-9A(May, 1958)o The Instron tester is a versatile and accurate tester that can be applied to the evaluation of many properties of paper and other materials Application of the instrument in tensile9 stretch, work or rupture energy, fatigue, and modulus of elasticity tests are described The nature of the tester and its cost would seem to predicate its use primarily for work of an investigational and/or research nature, rather than routine quality control ULo Anderssong Olleo Intermittent stresses placed on papero Allgemo Papier-Rundschau 1956 o271-2g 274-55 CoAo 50s174430 The Swedish impact strength tester ('tKmpulsprufer") was used in deter- mining the relationship between the strength properties of a paper and those of the bags made from this same stock jlo Andersson9 Olleo Paper as a visco-elastic body VIo An impulse method for measuring the impact strength of paper Svensk Papperstidno 56, noo ll0403-11(June 159 1953)~ BoIoPoCo 23s898o The response of paper to shock loading has been investigated theoreti- cally9 and possible methods for determining the stress-strain characteristics, including the rupture energy,, are discussed A new concept is presented, involving the measurement of the momentum or impulse transmitted through a test sample An instrument for measuring this quantity is described, and the variations of the impulse under different testing conditions are dis- cussedo The influence of mechanical pretreatments of the sample was studied A comparison of the impulse measurements and practical strength figures ob- tained from drop tests carried out with paper sacks indicates that impulse tests have a higher correlation with service strength than the results of the classical tests 4 16. Andersson, Olle. Pulp quality and paper quality. Svensk Papper- stidn. 54, no. 15:505-9(Aug. 15, 1951); B.I.P.C. 22:138; Packaging Abstr. 8:719. Over a production period of 300 days, routine tests on strength data of bag paper of constant basis weight and of the corresponding pulps from which the papers had been manufactured were evaluated statistically. Relation- ships based on correlation coefficients were derived from strength data ob- tained with machine-made paper and laboratory handsheets; this relationship is rather poor The agreement between the properties of laboratory hand- sheets beaten in the laboratory beater and a mill-size jordan is consider- ably better This indicates that a considerable difference exists between the properties.of the sheets made on the paper machine and the laboratory sheet machine.