CA MBRIDGE CO UNTY GEO GRAPH IES S CO TLA ND MU iU S N M A G : . O eneral Editor W , . D UMFRIE S S H IR E CAMB R I DGE U N IVE R S ITY P RE S S flouhun F E E LAN E E . C . : TT R , F . LAY MAN AGE R C . C , Ioo PR IN CE S STR ET QEDinburgb: , E B lin : . S H E R AN D CO er A A . F B R K H flz ipyig: . A . O C AU S P P T ’ 4mmEorh: G. U N AM S S O N S ’ Irutta: M CMILL N AN D mant QLa CO . LTD 38 0m ); A A , . reserv ed ’ ’ Camérzage County Geograph er D U MF RIES S H IRE A M KI . D . D . A E N G H EWIO N M . J S S , , Fellow ofthe Society ofAntiquari es ofS cotlan d With M llustrations aps, D iagrams and I Cambridge at the U niv ersity Press CO NTE NTS an S r ofm County d hire . The O igin Du fries G eneral Characteristics S . S i z e . hape Boundaries S urface and General Features n Watershed. Rivers ad Lakes G eology an d Soil Natural H istory Round the Coast Coastal Gains and Losses Climate an d Rainfall P — L P eople Race , Type , anguage , opulation Agriculture Industries and Manufactures Mines and M inerals Fisheries Shipping and Trade History ofthe County fi CONTENTS — P m - S o Antiquities rehistoric , Ro an , Celtic , Anglo ax n — Architecture (a) Ecclesiastical — Architecture (b) Castellated IIO — Architecture (c) M unicipal and Domestic — mm an and P d P . 2 2 . Co unications ast resent Roads Railways — Administration and Divisions Ancient and M odern The Roll ofHonour The ChiefTowns and Villages ofDumfriesshire ILLU STRATIO N S Lo Loc m The Castle ch , h aben The Devil ’s BeefTub Dalveen Pass Mennock Pass Moffat : the Well Burn of and E sk L o m Meeting the Ewes , angh l Lo S ch kene A ’ off Grey Mare s Tail , M at Sanquhar Coalfield C richope Linn D rumlan rigCastle — Hoddom: The kind beech rows Lochwood O aks The Whiskered Tern Solway Viaduct Clochmaben stane ’ Craigenputtock : Carlyle s H ouse L ckerbie fr m ai n s Hill o o mMf Cattle Fair , Du ries S of f Birrens tatuette Brigantia , ound at Caerlav erock Castle f Birr ns of e Altar Minerva , ound at ILLUSTRATIONS Torque and Bowl found at Lochar Moss Ruthwell Cross Boatford Cross and Nith Bridge Thornhill Cross (meensberr m y Monu ent , Durisdeer Church c m mf Cri hton Me orial Church , Du ries Morton Castle Bonshaw Tower ’ — Johnie Armstrong s House H ollows Tower H oddomCastle Stapleton Towers S and S mfe The M id teeple High treet , Du ri s Ar man Town Hall Castle Milk 1 2 2 Friars Carse , Dunscore and mf Old New Bridges , Du ries mm S Old Gra ar chool , Annan L k Town Hall , oc erbie S ir . mG . C . B j ohn Malcol , Robert Flint Edward Irving Patrick M iller ’s Steamboat Joseph Thomson Thomas Carlyle ’ r mf Bu n s s m Monu ent , Du ries Jardine Hall Dunscore Church ’ f c c Carlyle s Birthplace , E cle e han Gretna Green H oddomChurch LangholmParish Church Mofiat ’ Renwick s Monument and Maxwelton Braes ILLUSTRATIONS ix o S T wn Hall , anquhar S o and S o Morton ch ol choolhouse , Th rnhill Wanl ockhead Diagrams MA PS Orographical Map ofDumfriesshire Geological Map ofDumfriesshire Map ofthe Solway Rainfall map ofScotland 2 1 2 6 68 on . 1 1 2 2 The illustrations pp 5 , 9, 3 , 7 , , 5 , 5 , 5 , 4 , , 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 62 1 6 74 , 0 8 , 7 , 8 , , 3 , 7 , 3 , 34 , 5 , 5 4 , , 5 , 1 1 an 1 1 fom o o . 68 0 d , 7 , 7 are r ph t graphs by Messrs J Valentine S on 1 1 10 2 1 0 1 0 s ; th se pp . 5 , 7 , 4 0 , 4 , 94 , , 4 , 5 , on o 9, 3 3 fm 1 10 1 1 1 1 6 1 2 0 1 2 1 1 6 1 8 1 60 and 1 66 , 3 , , , , 5 , 5 , , are ro and on . 1 1 2 ph otographs by the auth r the p rtraits pp 3 7 , 4 , m o ; o 1 fo o o . 4 8 are r ph t graphs by Messrs T . R Annan ; the portrait n 1 fman m ofSir o p . 3 9 is ro etching by kind per ission George 1 m the Reid ; that on p . 4 6 is fro a photograph by Mr John Fergus ; 1 m o Mont omé rie on . fo illustration p 5 9 is r a ph tograph by Miss g , m n and c Dal ore ; the illustrati ons o pp . 8 7 98 are reprodu ed by of 1 courtesy the Society ofAntiquaries ofScotland ; that on p . 44 fom o k Son is r a bl ck indly lent by Messrs J . Maxwell , mf on 2 and m Du ries ; those pp . 3 4 5 are reproduced fro Mr Hugh ’ ' B r h S . Gladstone s i ds ofDumfriessbz re by kind permission oft e o th f e m fom L auth r , or er being r a photograph by Mr egard ; ’ n 1 d that o p . 3 is reproduced fromGeikie s S cenery ofScotlan by m of s m ofh S t e per i sion Messrs Mac illan Co. The Map olway on . 8 p 4 is reproduced by courtesy ofDr George Neilson . 1 Th C S . of . ounty and h i re e O rigi n Dumfries . The creation of a county and the establishment of a ' herifid m ffi s o in Dumfriessh ire were fraught with di culties . The ancient county of Dumfries included part of Gal lowa t y as far west as the river Cree , in affddition to he 1 present area wh ich was constituted a sheri dom in 748 . When in 1 10 7 Ki ng Edgar bequeathed to his youngest P brother , rince David , Scottish Cumbria , of which the present shire of Dumfries was then a part , he granted - a very disputable possession . It was a little buffer state between two warring kingdoms . David , being both a comes petty king and earl ( ), had the opportunity for imposing - upon h is territory the feudal system , of the Anglo Norman h n To type, to whic he had been accustomed in E gland . his court he attracted Anglo - Norman and southern i chivalry to support h im in h s rule . His regal admin is tration was probably conducted by feudal dign itaries C chancellor , constable , justiciar , hamberlain , steward , and ’ n marshal . O David s accession to the throne of Scotland 1 12 G m in 4, according to aelic custo and feudal law, h is personal property became an appanage of the crown . H . D . 2 DUMFRIESSHIRE But at least one of the three great divisions of the border m S trathn ith land , na ely , was still ruled by a Celtic - D un e al l over lord g ; and , in ike manner , probably Annan v dale and Eskdale were go erned by hereditary chiefs . David found it impolitic at once to discard the old code G of law and customs, which , as in the case of alloway , prevailed in some measure for centuries . The eastern boundary of Gaway or Galloway is not easily determined - Strathnit now . Consequently th e Celtic over lord of h G (N ithsdale , and probably part of alloway) was left —a undisturbed . Annandale , however tract stretching to Selkirkm — R the Forest of was granted to obert de B rus , M wh ile the constable , orville , got Cunningham , and the itz Alan R F . steward , , got enfrew and part of Kyle To prevent jealousies among the local chiefs the Brus was D un e al i not created an earl . If g held the offce of a Maar (who corresponded to the Gerefaor sheriffof the v ice- cames Saxons) on h is own land , he might act as a . The early kings themselves, in thei r progresses with their justiciars, presided over the courts of law . It is natural - to expect , therefore , that the castle guard of the county D une al was connected with the territory governed by g. ’ The county (camz tatus) for seven centuries has been associated with the to wn of Dumfries— aplace where D un egaland Radnulfhis son held and disponed heritage ’ Radnul about the middle of the twelfth century . fs “ ” fr D ron es G charter was given at , which in the ael ic tongue signifies “ the ridge of the bushes ” Th is corresponds with th e persistent local pronunciation “ ” h D un rcs D rumfrees . The next form of the word is f COUNTY AND SHIRE 3 fi dun D un rez 1 18 and f( 3 a signi cant change after the , D une al m or fort of g, on the bushy ridge , beca e of para “ f” m D un r s mount i portance . This form of the word , y , “ ” r mf 12 6 D u res appears in 9 , and holds on in charters 1 after 32 9. What i n the way of establish ing feudalism David and Malcolm left undone William the Lyon com leted 1 18 6 be p .