Lecture 10.1: NASA’s Deep Space Network: Current Status and the Future В. Г. Турышев Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009 USA Государственный Астрономический Институт им. П.К. Штернберга Университетский проспект, дом 13, Москва, 119991 Россия Курс Лекций: «Современные Проблемы Астрономии» для студентов Государственного Астрономического Института им. П.К. Штернберга 7 февраля –23мая 2011 FUTURE OF DEEP SPACE NAVIGATION Outline • General consideration • Strategy of DSN evolution – List of current capabilities – Future needs • Principles of Deep Space Communications • Progress 1962-2004 • Mission examples: – Voyager mission to outer planets – Galileo to Jupiter – Cassini to Saturn – Odyssey to Mars • Concluding Remarks Deep Space Network Goldstone, California Goldstone, California Madrid, Spain Canberra, Australia FUTURE OF DEEP SPACE NAVIGATION Future’s NASA Navigation System Formation In-Situ Flying In-Situ Assets Ascent Assets Vehicles Pinpoint Landing Complementary, Supplementary Data Types DSN Array Low-Thrust, Low-Energy Advanced Trajectories Interferometric Autonomous Data Types Small-body Optical Proximity Navigation Operations FUTURE OF DEEP SPACE NAVIGATION Reference Set for Navigation Requirements (2005) Crew Exploration Vehicle (2008, Moon in 2020, Mars in 2030) Lunar South Pole Sample Return (2010) Human rating of deep space Going back to the Moon after 30 years, navigation capabilities, emphasis on but with more demanding requirements: risk-reduction; complementary and landing in deep craters or at the pole; supplementary navigation methods. autonomous 6-DOF GNC for landing It will evolve to enable the human and ascent. exploration of the Moon and Mars. Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (2015?) Low-thrust and low-energy Mars Telecom Orbiter (2009-cancel) navigation inside the Jovian Demonstrating autonomous optical system, requiring innovative navigation for rendezvous; gimbaled trajectory optimization and camera; providing enhanced in-situ automated on-board control. navigation and telecom assets. Titan Aerorover (2025) Mars Science Laboratory (2009-11) Autonomous atmospheric The heaviest rover ever flown to Mars; a GNC in an unknown precursor to human missions environment. demonstrating powered, precision landing. Mars Sample Return (2013) Terrestrial Planet Finder (2018?) Pinpoint landing, ascent GNC, Formation-flying at an Mars-orbit rendezvous and unprecedented level of docking, first trip from Mars to accuracy. Earth. FUTURE OF DEEP SPACE NAVIGATION A Timeline of Capabilities (as seen in 2005) Mars Mars Mars Telecom Reconnaissance Telecom Orbiter Orbiter Orbiter JIMO Mars Science Mars Sample Lab Phoenix Return Next Next Low-Thrust Generation Autonomous Generation Trajectory Traj. Design Rendezvous Nav S/W Control Tools Ka-Band Mars UHF Autonomous Mars UHF Opti-metric Interferometric 2-way EDL Rendezvous 2-way EDL Ranging Demo Demo Demo Demo Demo 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 FUTURE OF DEEP SPACE NAVIGATION A Timeline of Capabilities (as seen in 2005) Human Lunar Missions Aerorover Next Generation MTO Human Mars Planet Missions Finder In-Situ Opti- Advanced Substantial Nav Network-Based Metric Autonomous Infrastructure at Navigation Ranging On-board Nav Mars 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 FUTURE OF DEEP SPACE NAVIGATION Performance-Enhancing Capabilities Key capabilities that enable Enhancing Capabilities ultimate Advanced Advanced performance Ground- Optical Software Re- Autonomous Frequency & In-Situ Based Radio- Systems Engineering Navigation Time Assets Performance Measure Metrics Systems High precision Orbit control accuracy Advanced Gimbaled On-board GNC dynamical and High precision VLBI, range, camera, moon using in-situ Tie to target on approach, Mars & measurement 1-way data Ka-band tracking radio, optical terrestrial bodies models High precision Orbit control accuracy Gimbaled Advanced VLBI, dynamical and On-board GNC High precision camera, moon - on approach, outer range, Ka-band measurement using optical 1-way data tracking planets models High precision High Precision On-board GNC Orbit control accuracy, Landmark dynamical and High precision Tie to planetary Doppler, using in-situ tracking measurement 1-way data reference frame in orbit Ka-band radio, optical models High precision On-board High Precision Orbit reconstruction dynamical and estimation High precision Tie to planetary Doppler, - measurement using in-situ 1-way data reference frame accuracy, in orbit Ka-band models radio, optical High precision On-board GNC Landing accuracy on dynamical and using in-situ Tie to planetary - Descent imager - surface measurement radio, optical, reference frame models IMU, radar, laser On-board High Precision High precision Position determination Landmark estimation High precision Tie to planetary Doppler, measurement tracking using in-situ 1-way data reference frame of landed vehicle range, Ka-band models radio FUTURE OF DEEP SPACE NAVIGATION Navigation Tracking-Metrics Requirements (12/2007) Tracking Error Source current 2010 2020 2030 units (1σ Accuracy) capability reqt reqt reqt Doppler/random (60s) mm/s 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 Doppler/systematic (60s) mm/s 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.002 Range/random m 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.1 Range/systematic m 1.1 2 2 1 Angles deg 0.01 .04 .04 .04 VLBI nrad 2.5 2 1 0.5 Troposphere zenith delay cm 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.3 Ionosphere TECU 5 5 3 2 Earth orientation (real-time) cm 7 5 3 2 Earth orientation (after cm 5 3 2 0.5 update) Station locations cm 3 2 2 1 (geocentric) Quasar coordinates nrad 1 1 1 0.5 Mars ephemeris nrad 2 3 2 1 FUTURE OF DEEP SPACE NAVIGATION Approved Mission Set: DSN Supports* Legacy LEO HEO, Lunar, L1 & L2 DEEP SPACE*** • RADARSAT (O) • CHANDRA (O) • GALILEO (O) • NEW HORIZONS (F) • WMAP (O) • MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR (O) • NEW FRONTIERS (F) (X) • INTEGRAL (O) • CASSINI (O) • GRAVITY PROBE B • ISTP-GEOTAIL (O) • NOZOMI (O) (O)**** • ISTP-WIND (O) • STARDUST (O) • EVN (O)**** LEOP** • ISTP-SOHO (O) • 2001 MARS ODYSSEY (O) • GBRA (O)**** • ISTP-POLAR (O) • GSSR (O)**** • MEGA (O)**** • GOES N-P (C) • ACE (O) • MUSES-C (C), (F per MSD) • SIRTF (C) • NOAA N, N’ (C) • IMAGE (O) • MARS EXPRESS (C) • KEPLER (C) • PROSEDS (C) • IMP-8 (O) • MARS EXPLORATION ROVERS A & B (C) • SIM (F) • SOLAR-B (F) • ISTP-CLUSTER II • ROSETTA (C) • VOYAGERS 1 & 2 (O) (O) • DEEP IMPACT (C) • ULYSSES (O) • GENESIS (O) • MESSENGER (C) • STEREO A & B (C) • LUNAR-A (F) • MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER (C) • ORBITAL DEBRIS (O) NOTES • ST-5 (C) • DAWN (C) • SPACE GEODESY (O) • MARS SCOUT (F) • DISCOVERY (F) (X) *~20 additional spacecraft fall under “Emergency Support Only” and are not shown. • MARS TELESAT (F) • MIDEX (F) (X) • MARS SCIENCE LABORATORY (F) • NMP (F) (X) **LEOP = Launch & Early Operations Phase; almost all DSN missions receive such support, but those listed as “LEOP” receive no other significant DSN support. KEY ***Deep Space includes missions utilizing Earth Structure & Evolution of Universe Theme Sun-Earth Connection Theme leading and trailing orbits, since spacecraft in Astronomical Search for Origins Theme Cross-Theme Affiliation such orbits drift out well beyond Lagrange point Exploration of the Solar System Theme distances. Unaffiliated with Space Science Enterprise (O) = Operating (as of 4/03) ****Support assumes the form of ground-based (C) = Commitment to support, but not yet operating (as of 4/03) observations for mission reference ties (e.g., GP- (F) = Future commitment to support anticipated (as of 4/03) B), VLBI co-observations, radio astronomy, solar (X) = Not specifically called out in Code S approved “Mission Set Database” or “Mission Set system radar, or orbital debris. Change Log” FUTURE OF DEEP SPACE NAVIGATION Future Science Missions from the SMD Roadmaps** • GLAST •LISA • CONSTELLATION-X • BIG BANG OBSERVER • GRAVITY PROBE B • DARK ENERGY PROBE • INFLATION PROBE • BLACK HOLE IMAGER •SWIFT • EXPLORER MISSIONS • BLACK HOLE FINDER • EXPLORER MISSIONS • SPIDR PROBE •EUSO • EXPLORER MISSIONS •WISE SEU • SPACE INFRARED • SPACE INTERFEROMETRY MISSION • TERRESTRIAL PLANET FINDER • SPACE ULTRAVIOLET / TELESCOPE FACILITY • SINGLE APERTURE FAR- OPTICAL TELESCOPE • KEPLER • JAMES WEBB SPACE INFRARED OBSERVATORY • LIFE FINDER TELESCOPE • EXPLORER MISSION • PLANET IMAGER • EXPLORER MISSION • DISCOVERY MISSION • EXPLORER MISSION • DISCOVERY MISSION • DISCOVERY MISSION ASO • DEEP IMPACT • DISCOVERY MISSIONS • DISCOVERY MISSIONS • DISCOVERY MISSIONS • MESSENGER • SOUTH POLE AITKEN BASIN • JUPITER POLAR ORBITER/PROBES* • MARS SCOUTS •DAWN SAMPLE RETURN • VENUS IN-SITU EXPLORER • MARS UPPER ATMOSPHERE ORBITER* • MARS SCOUT • JUPITER ICY MOONS ORBITER* • COMET SURFACE SAMPLE RETURN • MARS SAMPLE RETURN • NEW HORIZONS • MARS SCOUTS • MARS SCOUTS • EUROPA LANDER • MARS EXPLORATION ROVERS • MARS SCIENCE LABORATORY • MARS LONG-LIVED LANDER NETWORK• TITAN EXPLORER ESS** • MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER • NEPTUNE ORBITER WITH PROBES* • SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS •MAGCON • AURORAL MULTISCALE OBSERVATORY • SOLAR PROBE • GEOSPACE SYSTEM RESPONSE IMAGER •THEMIS • TELEMACHUS • INTERSTELLAR PROBE • IONOSPHERE • SOLAR CONNECTIONS OBSERVATORY FOR PLANETARY ENVIRONS • GEOSPACE ELECTRODYNAMIC THERMOSPHERE • SOLAR POLAR IMAGER CONNECTIONS MESOSPHERE WAVES • DAYSIDE BOUNDARY LAYER CONSTELLATION • MAGNETOSPHERIC MULTISCALE COUPLER • MAGNETOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE OBSERVATORY SEC*** • SOLAR DYNAMICS OBSERVATORY • HELIOSPHERIC IMAGER AND • PARTICLE ACCELERATION SOLAR ORBITER • RADIATION BELT STORM