The ITPCM International Commentary Vol. X no. 35 ISSN. 2239-7949 in this issue: in this issue: SENEGALSENEGAL BETWEEN MIGRATIONS TO EUROPE AND RETURNS April 2014 1 ITPCM International Commentary April 2014 ISSN. 2239-7949 International Training Programme for Conflict Management ITPCM International Commentary April 2014 ISSN. 2239-7949 The ITPCM International Commentary SENEGAL BETWEEN MIGRATIONS TO EUROPE AND RETURNS April 2014 ITPCM International Commentary April 2014 ISSN. 2239-7949 Table of Contents For an Introduction - Senegalese Street Vendors and the Migration and Development Nexus by Michele Gonnelli, p. 8 The Senegalese Transnational The Policy Fallacy of promoting Diaspora and its role back Home Return migration among by Sebastiano Ceschi & Petra Mezzetti, p. 13 Senegalese Transnationals by Alpha Diedhiou, p. 53 Imagining Europe: being willing to go does not necessarily result The PAISD: an adaptive learning in taking the necessary Steps process to the Migration & by Papa Demba Fall, p. 21 Development nexus by Francesca Datola, p. 59 EU Migration Policies and the Criminalisation of the Senegalese The local-to-local dimension of Irregular Migration flows the Migration & Development by Lanre Olusegun Ikuteyijo, p. 29 nexus by Amadou Lamine Cissé and Reframing Senegalese Youth and Jo-Lind Roberts, p. 67 Clandestine Migration to a utopian Europe Fondazioni4Africa promotes co- by Jayne O. Ifekwunigwe, p. 35 development by partnering Migrant Associations Senegalese Values and other by Marzia Sica & Ilaria Caramia, p. 73 cultural Push Pull Factors behind migration and return Switching Perspectives: South- by Ndioro Ndiaye, p. 41 South Migration and Human Development in Senegal Returns and Reintegrations in by Jette Christiansen & Livia Manente, p. 79 the Senegalese Labour Market by Pape Sakho, p. 47 About the ITPCM Next Trainings in Agenda, p. 88 ITPCM International Commentary April 2014 ISSN. 2239-7949 the ITPCM International Commentary Administrative Director: Francesco Ceccarelli Scientific Director: Andrea de Guttry Editor in Chief: Michele Gonnelli Contributors to this issue: Ilaria Caramia, Sebastiano Ceschi, Jette Christiansen, Amadou Lamine Cissé, Francesca Datola, Alpha Diedhiou, Papa Demba Fall, Jayne O. Ifekwunigwe, Lanre Olusegun Ikuteyijo, Livia Manente, Petra Mezzetti, Ndioro Ndiaye, Jo-Lind Roberts, Pape Sakho, Marzia Sica Proofreading & Copy Editing Jessica Capasso, Nicole Hoagland, Priya Mathews, Charlotte Reed, Andrea Jacquelin Scheske, Jennifer Suzanne Wells Art Director Michele Gonnelli ITPCM International Commentary April 2014 ISSN. 2239-7949 Thanks & Acknowledgements We are irremediably indebted to all contributors, western and locals, for having embarked on this project by sharing their invaluable insights and knowledge, despite time constraints, workloads, sometimes language barriers and hindered communications. Special thanks go to Jessica Capasso, Nicole Hoagland, Priya Mathews, Charlotte Reed, Andrea Jacquelin Scheske, and Jennifer Suzanne Wells, for their patience and kindness in performing the proofreading and copy editing services. Finally, we are particularly grateful for the precious contacts provided by Carlos Cardoso (CODESRIA), and Henna Mustonen, and her colleagues (UNDOC Senegal). The ITPCM International Commentary FOR AN INTRODUCTION Senegalese Street Vendors and the Migration & Development Nexus “ One euro, one euro please, to buy a only a few minutes to sell the same sort to the way they shake your hand or sandwich, I did not sell anything to- of umbrellas to all unequipped com- greet you. They tend to maintain good day”. You bump into them every day, muters in town. relationships with their selected local clients, year after year, and through this They walk all day long, 7 days a week If being a street vendor is the com- building up a sort of customary loyalty. orjust nearly, by walking for months, to and sometimes from your office.years. mon trait for all of them, then basically You see them snaking into all possible time - their time - is the good that is on All these dynamics escape, totally or in streets, every little corner downtown, sale. Casual human and residual spa- part, the analysis and outputs of this is- wherever pedestrians have access. tial resources in town are rationally sue of the commentary. They represent They look for fortunate encounters, exploited, looked after and serviced, in more recent trends, but also an often someone willing to delve a hand into order to maximize returns on their in- submerged and under investigated di- vestment, which is their waiting, their mension of the (irregular) migration to be in need of the nth lighter, a new prolonged presence. To increase their packetthe pocket of napkins and flip ora coin, some or extra pretending soaks. probability of success they all adopt the same token these men are often Their quest is about little monetary re- a same strategy. They tend to expand overlookedflows that linkor bypassed Senegal toby Europe.more insti By- wards, demonstrating their persever- as much as possible their exposure to tutionalised forms of intervention, at ance and resilience. a fortuitous possibility of gain. That is the policy making and implementation their being there at the right moment level. Less educated and undocument- They are what I would call the ‘walking’ with the right person doing the right ed, though they are potential targets portion of the Senegaleses migrants in thing. Pisa. Back in the 90s they were just a repeatedly fail to qualify for a regi- bunch of guys, more scared of you than Time, inexorably, is the main resource mentedand beneficiaries policy pattern of said (too policies, big-scale they you were surprised to see them. Today around which this male gendered form projects/actors?), invariably adopted they are dozens, cheering up a student of migration revolves. The money they by governmental and non-governmen- town to which they keep arriving and can put together serves three main ob- tal development actors alike. returning, with their rucksacks, their jectives: it pays for their food and ac- bags, or the typical cardboard box lying commodation, often in overcrowded But be it how it may, these dynamics on their forearm, a compendium of an apartments where diet, meals and ex- represent, more generally, another side entire Chinese knick-knack shop. penses are communitarianly managed; of the coin, a switch on those same is- it pays for periodic travel costs to and sues that are more overtly debated in But not all of them are ‘walkers’, there from Senegal; and, it pays for part of the these pages. Yet, the daily witnessing of - household needs of their extended fam- these men, while far from being scien- zation. ‘Parking assistants’, on the most ily back home. They send remittances are other profiles and field of speciali- on a regular basis to relatives, spouses ion sellers’ on the town mall, next to and children, in their place of origin. If thistifically publication. grounded, For confirms example, most the of cirthe- brandedtrafficked shop squares windows. and ‘Glamourstreets, ‘fash sell- they are lucky, some report sending up cularitytrends and of thefindings migration presented movements within ers’, close to the Leaning Tower, where to 200-300 euros a month. They never and the subsequent shaping of transna- they can better intercept international tell you when they are about to leave, tional lives, routes, and identities or the but you realize that they have been temporary nature of recent returns and glasses and watches. Showing a higher away, sometimes for months, as soon as the role of endurance and self-reliance leveltourists of educationflows willing and to a buydifferent counterfeit dress they are back. Suddenly you recognize as cultural drivers in the migratory self- code, ‘cultural promoters’ instead sell that they have become a part of your validation process. traditional books in front of well-estab- environment, of your people. You have lished bookshops. When it rains, how- grown up crossing their gaze and their Articles are presented in an order that ever, like magicians they all turn into urban trajectories. You have become suggests a way to approach the com- ‘shelter providers’, somehow able in familiar with their faces, accustomed plexities that are at stake and provide for a reading path. In their opening con- youth protests. Dissatisfaction with ternational insecurity, current policy tribution, Ceschi and Mezzetti frame neo-colonial conditions at home would and detail the main characteristics of lead African migrants, who are socially into the need to avert potential national the Senegalese out of Senegal. Amount- designated as black, to risk their life and securitynarratives crises in ,Europe as he puts turn it. such issues ing to 2/3 million, according to some es- limb en route, as she puts it. Reframing timations, the Senegalese living abroad such movements within the historical In the realm of the above mentioned qualify, with regards to their traits, as context of the Global African Diaspora, return policies, the contribution by Da- a transnational Diaspora. Within this she maintains, helps to highlight mi- tola provides for a detailed account of framework, and given the spontaneous - the on-going PAISD project. A joint ini- solidarity they usually show towards pean paradise. tiative between France and Senegal, the their homeland, both authors look into grants’ pursuit of an imagined Euro PAISD project addresses the Migration - Also supporting the idea that migration and