DEGREE PROJECT, IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS , SECOND LEVEL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2015 A Study of Multiband Indoor Radio Distribution System BIKASH SHAKYA KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 2 A STUDY OF MULTIBAND INDOOR RADIO DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM BIKASH SHAKYA Master of Science Thesis performed at the Radio Communication Systems Group, KTH October 2014 Internal Advisor: Mats Nilsson External Advisor: Tord Sjölund Examiner: Associate Prof. Anders Västberg 3 Abstract: The mobile indoor traffic are increasing exponentially which is the current challenge in indoor coverage and design for most of the researchers and business companies to develop further. There are different trade-off to provide different indoor services with the use of different repeater system, distributed antenna network (active and passive), macro cells indoor penetrations and many more. As the use of energy effective materials for construction of buildings have made a blockage of RF signals from macro cells, usually a separate installations are done to provide indoor coverage for different services such as TRTRA, GSM, UNTS, LTE and WLAN in indoor environments for large campuses, industrial complex, sports arena, tunnels and office buildings. This separate installations increases the cost, installation space and time which can be solved using the same infrastructure to provide multiple of mobile indoor solutions using smart integrated solutions where many mobile services can be distributed indoor using the same distributed antenna network using active and passive networks. This thesis investigates the advantage and disadvantage of different types of active and passive distributed antenna system with the integrated antenna network to compare the coverage and cost analysis. The coverage analysis was done to compare the RSSI level by adding different frequency bands into the indoor network for both active and passive DAS design. Different types of sample design model was used to verify the coverage analysis. It can be seen from the coverage analysis that an integrated system with all in one solution also has a better coverage compared to typical active and passive design which can be used in future in building design as One Net Solution. Also the cost analysis was done for both CAPEX and OPEX to find the cost estimation for different indoor models. It showed that the integrated solution is the most expensive solution but if it has a case of large design venues, then integrate active solution can be the only solutions. Passive design cannot cover large scale areas. It is suitable only for small and medium sized venues. 4 Acknowledgement: I would like to thank my two supervisor Tord Sjölund (MIC Nordic) and Mats Nilsson (Wireless@kth) for their continuous support, great motivation, valuable advice and parental guidance throughout my thesis work from start till the end. Without their support and input, I would have never finished this thesis. I would like to extent my thanks to my examiner Anders Västberg for providing me an adequate amount of time to finish this thesis and his comments. I would also like to thank Johan Jober (Rewicom) for his idea to start this thesis and help me understand the topic. Also I cannot forget to thank my department and my program coordinator May-Britt Eklund Larsson for the support throughout my study period. Also I would like to thank the entire team of MIC Nordic (Specially Mats, Henrik, Carina, Petter, Håkan, Janne) for their continuous motivation and feedback to finish this thesis. They created a friendly and good working environment to get motivated and also many resources that I needed to finish the thesis. I would also like to give special thanks to my parents who are always with me in any case and supported me in every possible way to finish this thesis. Last but not the least, I would like to thank everyone who was involved in this thesis directly or indirectly. Thank you for making this study completed. 5 Contents ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION ............................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 11 1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 PREVIOUS WORK AND THESIS MOTIVATION ........................................................................ 12 1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEM DEFINITION ....................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2 TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND.......................................................................... 15 2.1 SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 15 2.1.1 GSM 900/1800 MHz .......................................................................................... 15 2.1.2 UMTS 2100 MHz ............................................................................................... 15 2.1.3 WLAN 2.4 GHz................................................................................................... 16 2.1.4 TETRA 400 MHz ................................................................................................ 17 2.1.5 GPS .................................................................................................................... 18 2.1.6 LTE (Long Term Evolution) ............................................................................... 19 2.2 MIMO (MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT) .................................................................... 22 2.3 INDOOR SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................ 23 2.3.1 Traditional Indoor Solutions .............................................................................. 24 2.3.2 Integrated Indoor Solutions ............................................................................... 25 2.3.3 Leaky Cables ...................................................................................................... 25 2.3.3.1 Technical Data of the Radiating Cables........................................................ 26 2.4 DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM (DAS) ............................................................................. 27 2.4.1 Passive DAS: ..................................................................................................... 27 2.4.2 Active DAS: ....................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3 THEORY ................................................................................................................... 28 3.1 LINK BUDGET CALCULATION .............................................................................................. 28 3.2 PROPAGATION MODEL......................................................................................................... 29 3.2.1 Free Space Path Loss ......................................................................................... 29 3.2.2 Keenan-Motley Model ........................................................................................ 30 3.2.3 Path Loss Slope Model ....................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY AND SYSTEM DESIGN STRATEGY .................................. 31 4.1 SYSTEM DESIGN .................................................................................................................. 31 4.1.1 Active System Diagram for 2G, 3G, RAKEL ...................................................... 32 4.1.2 Active System Diagram for 2G, 3G, RAKEL and 4G MIMO ............................. 32 4.1.3 Active System Diagram for 2G, 3G, RAKEL and 4G SISO ................................ 32 4.1.4 Passive System Diagram for 2G, 3G, RAKEL ................................................... 33 4.1.5 Passive System Diagram for 2G, 3G, RAKEL and 4G MIMO ........................... 33 4.1.6 Passive System Diagram for 2G, 3G, RAKEL, 4G SISO ................................... 33 4.1.7 Integrated Solution System Diagram ................................................................. 33 6 4.2 MEASUREMENT TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 34 4.3 MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS ................................................................................................ 35 4.4 MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 5 COVERAGE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................ 38 5.1 ACTIVE DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM ........................................................................... 38 5.1.1 RAKEL, 2G, 3G.................................................................................................. 39 5.1.2 RAKEL, 2G, 3G, 4G MIMO ............................................................................... 39 5.1.3 RAKEL, 2G, 3G, 4G SISO .................................................................................. 40 5.2 PASSIVE DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM .......................................................................... 40 5.2.1 RAKEL, 2G, 3G.................................................................................................. 41 5.2.2 RAKEL, 2G, 3G, 4G MIMO ..............................................................................