Abbreviations Used in Notes ACSS Archives of the Community Service Society FDRL Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library GUSC Georgetown University Special Collections HBRC Hazel Braugh Records Center, American Red Cross HHP Harry L. Hopkins Papers HHPP Harry L. Hopkins Personal Papers JAKP John Adams Kingsbury Papers OGNY Office of the Governor of New York PPF President's Personal Files TMs Typed manuscript Notes CHAPTER ONE 1. This incident occurred at University of Iowa when Hopkins announced Hallie Flanagan’s appointment as head of the Federal Theatre Project. Flanagan, who attended Grinnell with Hopkins, declared that he “was never above a certain amount of hokum, and on that occasion he pulled a piece of business that would delight any stage manager.” Joanne Bentley, Hallie Flanagan: A Life in the American Theatre (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), 192. 2. Harry L. Hopkins, “What Is the American Way?” July 16, 1938, 1, The Harry L. Hopkins Papers, Part IV, 1:52, Special Collections, Lauinger Library, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (Here after Hopkins IV, GUSC). 3. “Iowa’s Harry Hopkins Seeks a New ‘American Way,’ He Wants a Place in the Sun for Those Who Can’t Make a Living,” Press Digest, March 3, 1937, Sec. 2, 4, 1-3, Hopkins I, 40:9, GUSC. 4. John Kingsbury, “Roosevelt and Hopkins, Personal Reminiscences,” 4, John Adams Kingsbury Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. (Hereinafter JAKP), B81: Autobiography. 5. Memorial to Harry Hopkins written by John Steinbeck and read by Burgess Meredith, May 22, 1946, Hopkins I, 1:45, GUSC, and Grinnell College Archives, Burling Library, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa. (Hereinafter Grinnell College Archives.) 6. Gwendolyn Mink, The Wages of Motherhood: Inequality in the Welfare State 1917- 1942 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995), viii. 7. Donald S. Howard, The WPA and Federal Relief Policy (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1943), 693. 8. The Progressive Era is loosely defined as 1900 to World War I. 9. Proceedings, “National Conference on Economic Security, November 14, 1934,” RG 47, Box 4, National Archives. The National Conference was held at the Mayflower Hotel; the Round Table Conference on Child Welfare was chaired by Grace Abbott of the University of Chicago. 10. Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper & Bros., 1948), 14. 11. Ethel Gross Hopkins Conant, transcript of taped interview by Roger Daniels, August 17-October 26, 1964, 47, Oral History Archives, Powell Library, University of California at Los Angeles. (Hereinafter Conant Interview.) The tapes are available at UCLA’s Powell Library; transcripts in author’s possession. 12. Robert Sherwood to John Kingsbury, October 27, 1947; John Kingsbury to Donald S. Howard, February 26, 1956, JAKP, B11: Hopkins, Harry L. 210 NOTES TO CHAPTER TWO 13. Henry Adams, Harry Hopkins (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1977); Searle F. Charles, Minister of Relief: Harry Hopkins and the Depression (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1963); Paul A. Kurzman, Harry Hopkins and the New Deal (Fairlawn, N.J.: R. E. Burdick, 1974); George McJimsey, Harry Hopkins: Ally of the Poor, Defender of Democracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987); Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins; Matthew B. Wills, Wartime Missions of Harry L. Hopkins (Raleigh, N.C.: Pentland Press, 1996). 14. For example, James T. Patterson, America’s Struggle Against Poverty (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986); James Leiby, A History of Social Welfare and Social Work in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978); Michael B. Katz, Poverty and Policy in American History (New York: Academic Press, 1983) and In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America (New York: Basic Books, 1986); Alan Dawley, Struggles for Justice: Responsibility and the Liberal State (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991), 9; Edward Berkowitz and Kim McQuaid, Creating the Welfare State: The Political Economy of 20th Century Reform (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1992); Linda Gordon, Pitied But Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare, 1890-1935 (New York: Mac- millan, 1994); Mink; Martha Swain, Ellen Woodward: New Advocate for Women (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1995); Molly Ladd-Taylor, Mother-Work: Child Welfare and the State, 1890-1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994); Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of the Welfare State (New York: Routledge, 1993); and Dorothy Brown and Elizabeth McKeown, The Poor Belong to Us: Catholic Charities and American Welfare (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998). 15. Donald S. Howard to John Kingsbury, January 13, 1956, JAKP, B11: Hopkins, Harry L. CHAPTER TWO 1. Biographers have noted Harry Hopkins’ kinship to Maine Democrat and newspaper publisher Marcellus Emery, who owned two newspapers during the Civil War (see McJimsey, 6.) Emery, a rabid Copperhead, was not Hopkins’ grandfather, as some have reported, for Emery never did marry, but he probably was a relative of Hopkins’ paternal grandmother, Mary Ann Emery Hopkins. In 1936 Harry Hopkins apparently made inquiries regarding Emery because he got a letter from Kenneth M. Sills, president of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, telling him that Marcellus Emery attended the college and graduated in 1853. An enclosed article stated that “he espoused the southern cause” and in 1868 was member of the Democratic National Committee from Maine. As a result of Hopkins’ inquiries, a member of the WPA Writer’s Project in Bangor collected some facts on this Hopkins ancestor. Emery, born 1830, acted as a private tutor for a family in Mississippi in 1855, where he probably got his pro-slavery ideas. He later became editor of two local newspapers, the Bangor Daily Union and the Bangor Democrat. In 1861 his pro-slavery sentiments resulted in a riot during which a mob broke into his offices, destroyed his press, and threatened him with hanging. Oddly enough, when Emery died in February of 1879, the obituaries in the local papers declared him to have been a learned man of superior intellect, an eloquent speaker, and a fine journalist. In the late 1860s, however, given Marcellus Emery’s unpopular ideas, Mary Ann Emery might not have been too reluctant to leave town to NOTES TO CHAPTER TWO 211 follow her husband to Iowa. Kenneth M. Sills to Harry Hopkins, August 26, 1936, with enclosures; Albert Abrahmson, Administrator, WPA, Maine, to Kathryn Godwin, September 11, 1936; Special Collections, Bowdoin College Library , Brunswick, Maine; Marcellus Emery Obituary, Whig and Courier, February 24, 1870; Genealogi- cal note from Lewis Hopkins, in author’s possession; Herbert W. Bathelder to Anna Pickett Hopkins (APH), May 8, 1929; J.W.C., “The Rear Seat,” Sioux City Journal, April 6, 1930. The column features a piece written by Lewis Hopkins, son of Al Hopkins and brother of Harry Hopkins, recounting his father’s story of his early life in Sioux City. In author’s possession. 2. John Milton, South Dakota, A Bicentennial History (New York: Norton, 1977), 24-26; Herbert S. Schell, History of South Dakota, 3d ed. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1975), 126-128. 3. Bathelder to APH, 1929; Charles J. Kimball to B. J. Petersen, undated; and B. J. Petersen to Harry Hopkins, January 1, 1937, in author’s possession; Milton, 26. 4. See correspondence between David Aldona Hopkins (DAH) and Anna Pickett Hopkins (APH) and Ethel Gross Hopkins (EGH) and Harry Lloyd Hopkins (HLH), especially letters December 30, 1914; May 7, 1915; June 2, 1915; December 9, 1915, December 23, 1915; and June 15, 1916. These letters and correspondence cited below are in the author’s possession and also in Hopkins II, GUSC. 5. 1915 Census (Card #786), Grinnell, Iowa; John R. Scott, “The Picketts of Lowville,” unpublished typed manuscript (MS), in author’s possession. Louis Hopkins was apparently a fine builder; one of his projects, the Austin-Whittier House, is now on the National Register of Historical Buildings, and houses the Clay County, South Dakota, Historical Society. Rome Miller to Harry Hopkins, January 24, 1937. In author’s possession. Andrew’s first wife and Anna Pickett’s mother, Mary Ann McClaren, died in 1875. 6. Miller to HLH, January 24, 1937; DAH to EGH and HLH, March 11, 1915, August 22, 1914, January 22, 1915, June 15, 1916; APH to EGH and HLH, December 30, 1914, January 28, 1915, December 23, 1915, April 30, 1915, June 2, 1915 September 12, 1915; Emery Hopkins to EGH and HLH, May 7, 1915, October 10, 1915; Miller to HLH, January 24, 1937. 7. Halford E. Luccock, Endless Line of Splendor (Chicago: Advance for Christ and His Church, 1950), 55. 8. R. George Eli, Social Holiness: John Wesley’s Thinking on Christian Community and its Relationship to the Social Order (New York: Peter Lang, 1993), 1-4; Bernard Semmel, The Methodist Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1975), 1-5. 9. Semmel, 5; Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture (New York: Double- day, 1977), 22-30; A. Gregory Schneider, The Way of the Cross Leads Home: The Domestication of American Methodism (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1993), 169-170. 10. A. G. Schneider, 169. 11. In 1920 Harry Hopkins returned to Grinnell for a visit with his family and, with rather careless cynicism, recorded the progress his three brothers had made thus far: “If Sinclair Lewis ever gets the complete history of the Hopkins family, he will make ‘Main Street’ look like ten cents. I wouldn’t have missed it for the world—Rome engaged to a Follies girl who happens to be Catholic and divorced—the hero selling alcohol a shade or two inside the law.