2009-01-Solvoll.Pdf (1.176Mb)

Televised sport Exploring the structuration of producing change and stability in a public service institution Mona Kristin Solvoll A dissertation submitted to BI Norwegian School of Management for the degree of Ph.D Series of Dissertations 1/2009 BI Norwegian School of Management Department of Public Governance Mona Kristin Solvoll Televised sport - exploring the structuration of producing change and stability in a public service institution © Mona Kristin Solvoll 2009 Series of Dissertations 1/2009 ISBN: 978 82 7042 944 8 ISSN: 1502-2099 BI Norwegian School of Management N-0442 Oslo Phone: +47 4641 0000 <a href="/goto?url=http://www.bi.no/" target="_blank">www.bi.no </a>Printing: Nordberg The dissertation may be ordered from our website <a href="/goto?url=http://www.bi.no/" target="_blank">www.bi.no </a>(Research – Research Publications) ii Acknowledgements Many people have contributed in various ways to this project. I am indebted to my outstanding supervisor Professor Tor Hernes for his very unusual mind. I am grateful to the Norwegian Research Council for the funding of this thesis and to the Department of Public Governance at Norwegian School of Management, BI. Special thanks to the boys at the Centre for Media Economics and to Professor Rolf Høyer who brought me to BI. I would also like to thank the Department of Innovation and Economic Organization that generously welcomed me. Very special thanks to the Department Administrators Ellen A. Jacobsen and Berit Lunke for all their help and bright smiles. I have received valuable inspiration from many “senior” colleagues, in particular professor Tore Bakken and Professor Lars Thue. Special thanks to Professor Nick Sitter, although he supports the wrong team. Thanks also to my proof-reader, Verona Christmas-Best and the members of the committee for their insightful, comments and criticism. Without the camaraderie of my fellow doctoral students, this PhD work would have been unbearable. I am forever grateful to Stine “Barbara” Ludvigsen and Anne Louise Koefoed – I am proud to know such excellent researchers. Thanks to the old gang (Anne, Helene, Catherine, Lars and Lars) and to the study group The Inspirea Girls who helped me out in the early days. I am grateful to Tor Bang, Gerhard E. Schjelderup and Berit von der Lippe who has trusted me with their beloved students. Special thanks to the process friends of the Mimosa 2005 – important days where I suddenly understood something... My family and close friends have been a long lasting source of energy during this exhaustive period. Thanks for never loosing faith in me. Most of all, I thank my parents for their encouragement and support and thanks to Gary – AML. Oslo, December 5, 2008 Mona iii Abstract This thesis has both an empirical and a theoretical ambition. First, the empirical concern is uncovering the processes that shaped and influenced the production of televised football in the Norwegian Public Service Broadcaster, NRK from 1960 to 1995. Secondly, I hope to provide some insight into the theoretical debate on how organisational change and stability act together. If we accept the assumption that organisations are pursuing change and, at the same time, promoting stability, we need to seek a theoretical context that embrace how an organisation undergoes renewal while retaining much of its institutional inertia at the same time. Drawing on Giddens’ structuration theory (1984), the thesis investigates how structures (rules and resources) provide temporal stability that enable agents to change them. In structuration theory, the structural principles are the most abstract elements of structures while the structural properties are the most concrete. My main concern has been how structures are instantiated in practice and how practices constitute structures. The term instantiation refers to the capacity of human actors to produce a more concrete realisation of some abstract structural principles, while constitution refers to a feedback device from larger concrete structural properties of practice to abstraction. Empirically, the thesis illustrates how various aspects of public service broadcasting interact. It suggests an understanding of the “conceptual glue” which constructs and reproduces public service broadcasting as (1) a daily professional practice of producing and delivering program output, as (2) a policy organised within an institution, and (3) as an institution with a cultural ideology underpinning both programme making practices and the organising of a public service broadcaster. iv Content <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#9_0">1</a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#9_0">INTRODUCTION </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#9_1">1</a></li></ul><a href="#9_0">1.1 </a><a href="#11_0">1.2 </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#9_0">Research Topic </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#9_2">1</a></li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#11_0">The empirical case </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#11_1">3</a></li></ul><a href="#14_1">6</a><a href="#17_1">9</a> <a href="#14_0">1.2.1 </a><a href="#17_0">1.2.2 </a> <a href="#14_0">Aspects of public service broadcasting </a><a href="#17_0">The place of sports programmes within NRK </a><a href="#19_0">1.3 </a><a href="#0_0">1.4 </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#19_0">Theoretical context </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#19_1">11 </a></li></ul><a href="#0_1">13 </a><a href="#0_2">19 </a> <a href="#0_0">1.3.1 </a><a href="#0_0">1.3.2 </a> <a href="#0_0">Views of organisational change and institutional stability </a><a href="#0_0">Research on televised sport </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Research strategies </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_3">21 </a></li></ul><a href="#0_4">21 </a><a href="#0_5">23 </a><a href="#0_6">24 </a> <a href="#0_0">1.4.1 </a><a href="#0_0">1.4.2 </a><a href="#0_0">1.4.3 </a> <a href="#0_0">How to study institutional structures and actions </a><a href="#0_0">How to study institutional change and stability? </a><a href="#0_0">Sources and interpretation </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">1.5 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">How the thesis is organised </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_7">24 </a></li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">2</a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_8">26 </a></li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">2.1 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Central concepts in structuration theory </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_9">27 </a></li></ul><a href="#0_10">28 </a><a href="#0_11">31 </a><a href="#0_1">33 </a><a href="#0_12">35 </a><a href="#0_2">37 </a><a href="#0_2">39 </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">2.1.1 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Structures </a></li></ul><a href="#0_0">2.1.2 </a><a href="#0_0">2.1.3 </a><a href="#0_0">2.1.4 </a><a href="#0_0">2.1.5 </a><a href="#0_0">2.1.6 </a> <a href="#0_0">Structural principles and structural properties </a><a href="#0_0">Agents </a><a href="#0_0">Practice and system </a><a href="#0_0">Structuration and organisation </a><a href="#0_0">Loss of sensation in the structuration theory </a><a href="#0_0">2.2 </a><a href="#0_0">2.3 </a> <a href="#0_0">Structuration theory and organisational studies </a><a href="#0_0">Structuration in action </a><a href="#0_3">42 </a><a href="#0_13">43 </a><a href="#0_14">46 </a> <a href="#0_0">2.2.1 </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">2.2.2 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Legitimation as institutional and organisational structures </a></li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Continuity or transmutation of structures </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_15">51 </a></li></ul><a href="#0_16">52 </a><a href="#0_17">55 </a><a href="#0_18">60 </a> <a href="#0_0">2.3.1 </a><a href="#0_0">2.3.2 </a><a href="#0_0">2.3.3 </a> <a href="#0_0">Instantiation and constitute - from abstract to concrete and vice versa </a><a href="#0_0">Structuration, stability and change </a><a href="#0_0">The promise of the future is also the survival of the past </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">3</a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">ACTIVATING STRUCTURATION THEORY </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_19">63 </a></li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">3.1 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Empirical focus – how to study public service broadcasting </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_20">63 </a></li></ul><a href="#0_21">65 </a><a href="#0_22">68 </a><a href="#0_23">72 </a> <a href="#0_0">3.1.1 </a><a href="#0_0">3.1.2 </a><a href="#0_0">3.1.3 </a> <a href="#0_0">Public service obligations as structural principles of NRK </a><a href="#0_0">Policy and regulation as structures of NRK </a><a href="#0_0">Production guidelines as structural properties of NRK </a>v<a href="#0_0">3.2 </a><a href="#0_0">3.3 </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Theoretical focus - How to study structural change and stability </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_24">78 </a></li></ul><a href="#0_0">Analytical focus – How to study production practices for TV sport? </a><a href="#0_0">How to study structural properties </a><a href="#0_14">82 </a><a href="#0_25">84 </a><a href="#0_26">86 </a><a href="#0_14">88 </a> <a href="#0_0">3.3.1 </a><a href="#0_0">3.3.2 </a><a href="#0_0">3.3.3 </a> <a href="#0_0">How to study structural principles and structures </a><a href="#0_0">The choice of research strategy </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">4</a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">INCITING MOMENTS AND EXPOSITION </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_27">91 </a></li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">4.1 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Instantiating television practice within the radio system </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_28">91 </a></li></ul><a href="#0_26">93 </a><a href="#0_29">94 </a><a href="#0_22">98 </a> <a href="#0_30">102 </a><a href="#0_11">105 </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">4.1.1 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Radio and television: two practices – one instantiation process </a></li></ul><a href="#0_0">Instantiating the structural property of enlightenment </a><a href="#0_0">Constituting the </a><a href="#0_0">structural </a><a href="#0_0">principle of universalism </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating the structural properties of entertainment and information </a><a href="#0_0">Emergent structures for programme structure, range and output </a> <a href="#0_0">4.1.2 </a><a href="#0_0">4.1.3 </a><a href="#0_0">4.1.4 </a><a href="#0_0">4.1.5 </a><a href="#0_0">4.2 </a><a href="#0_0">4.3 </a> <a href="#0_0">Early television sports production practices </a><a href="#0_0">Analysis of the World Cup in Ice hockey 1958 </a><a href="#0_0">Analysis of the Cup Final in football 1961 </a><a href="#0_0">Chapter summary - continuity from radio </a><a href="#0_14">112 </a><a href="#0_31">113 </a><a href="#0_14">115 </a><a href="#0_14">120 </a> <a href="#0_0">4.2.1 </a><a href="#0_0">4.2.2 </a><a href="#0_0">4.2.3 </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating infotainment to prevent radio death </a><a href="#0_0">Constituting universalism: NRK Radio as “the” national medium </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating information in radio sports productions </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating structure of audience friendly radio programmes </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating the structural property of audience demand in radio </a><a href="#0_0">A new radio sports practices – instantiating entertainment </a><a href="#0_0">Chapter summary – creating temporal stability </a><a href="#0_14">122 </a><a href="#0_32">122 </a><a href="#0_33">123 </a><a href="#0_34">125 </a><a href="#0_35">128 </a><a href="#0_36">131 </a><a href="#0_2">133 </a> <a href="#0_0">4.3.1 </a><a href="#0_0">4.3.2 </a><a href="#0_0">4.3.3 </a><a href="#0_0">4.3.4 </a><a href="#0_0">4.3.5 </a><a href="#0_0">4.3.6 </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">5</a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">RISING ACTION </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_37">138 </a></li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">5.1 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">The need for structures </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_38">138 </a></li></ul><a href="#0_39">140 </a><a href="#0_40">142 </a><a href="#0_41">144 </a><a href="#0_42">146 </a><a href="#0_43">149 </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">5.1.1 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">The “Bold and Challenging – strategy” of NRK TV </a></li></ul><a href="#0_0">Conflicts within the structural property of enlightenment </a><a href="#0_0">Conflicts within the structural property of information </a><a href="#0_0">“Publicity Rules” introduced to resolve the tension </a><a href="#0_0">Changes in practices: from entertainment to infotainment </a> <a href="#0_0">5.1.2 </a><a href="#0_0">5.1.3 </a><a href="#0_0">5.1.4 </a><a href="#0_0">5.1.5 </a><a href="#0_0">5.2 </a><a href="#0_0">5.3 </a> <a href="#0_0">International influences on sports production in NRK? </a><a href="#0_0">Using sport in constituting television as a medium on its own </a><a href="#0_0">Sport instantiated as entertainment in the Olympic coverage </a><a href="#0_0">Audience-friendly practice within the BBC </a><a href="#0_14">152 </a><a href="#0_25">153 </a><a href="#0_14">157 </a><a href="#0_14">160 </a> <a href="#0_0">5.2.1 </a><a href="#0_0">5.2.2 </a><a href="#0_0">5.2.3 </a><a href="#0_0">Analysis of the Cup Final in football 1963, 1966 and 1969 </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating a festival of national belonging in 1963 </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating journalism by focusing on the game in 1966 </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating professional entertainment in 1969 </a><a href="#0_44">162 </a><a href="#0_10">163 </a><a href="#0_45">164 </a><a href="#0_46">166 </a> <a href="#0_0">5.3.1 </a><a href="#0_0">5.3.2 </a><a href="#0_0">5.3.3 </a>vi <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">5.4 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Analysis of the Cup Final in football 1971 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_47">167 </a></li></ul><a href="#0_10">168 </a><a href="#0_14">171 </a><a href="#0_48">172 </a><a href="#0_43">174 </a><a href="#0_49">175 </a> <a href="#0_0">5.4.1 </a><a href="#0_0">5.4.2 </a><a href="#0_0">5.4.3 </a><a href="#0_0">5.4.4 </a><a href="#0_0">5.4.5 </a> <a href="#0_0">Instantiating entertainment with action camera </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating information with camera techniques </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating a national hero with “up close and personal” </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating infotainment in the commentary </a><a href="#0_0">Chapter summary: Difficulties in instantiating structures </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">6</a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">CLIMAX – NRK AT THE HEIGHT OF ITS MONOPOLY </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_50">177 </a></li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">6.1 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Closing in on two perspectives of structures </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_14">179 </a></li></ul><a href="#0_14">185 </a><a href="#0_18">188 </a> <a href="#0_0">6.1.1 </a><a href="#0_0">6.1.2 </a> <a href="#0_0">Conflicts with the structural property of information </a><a href="#0_0">Televised sports as a defensive position </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">6.2 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Analysis of the Cup Final in football 1978 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_2">190 </a></li></ul><a href="#0_51">191 </a><a href="#0_18">192 </a><a href="#0_51">194 </a><a href="#0_43">195 </a><a href="#0_52">197 </a><a href="#0_51">199 </a><a href="#0_53">200 </a><a href="#0_48">202 </a><a href="#0_54">203 </a> <a href="#0_0">6.2.1 </a><a href="#0_0">6.2.2 </a><a href="#0_0">6.2.3 </a><a href="#0_0">6.2.4 </a><a href="#0_0">6.2.5 </a><a href="#0_0">6.2.6 </a><a href="#0_0">6.2.7 </a><a href="#0_0">6.2.8 </a><a href="#0_0">6.2.9 </a> <a href="#0_0">Instantiating information through camera alternation </a><a href="#0_0">Not using zoom and replay to instantiate entertainment </a><a href="#0_0">Not using plots and the syntax to instantiate entertainment </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating enlightenment through “up close and personal” </a><a href="#0_0">Choosing action shots to instantiate entertainment </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating information to football fans through team-pictures </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating information in the commentary with game analysis </a><a href="#0_0">Attempts of personalisation and dramatisation in the commentary </a><a href="#0_0">Chapter summary – a constrained, but playful production practice </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">6.3 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Analysis of the Cup Final in football 1980 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_44">205 </a></li></ul><a href="#0_48">206 </a><a href="#0_46">207 </a><a href="#0_55">209 </a><a href="#0_18">210 </a><a href="#0_14">212 </a><a href="#0_14">213 </a> <a href="#0_0">6.3.1 </a><a href="#0_0">6.3.2 </a><a href="#0_0">6.3.3 </a><a href="#0_0">6.3.4 </a><a href="#0_0">6.3.5 </a><a href="#0_0">6.3.6 </a> <a href="#0_0">Instantiating entertainment through camera alternation </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating information by focusing on the teams </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating entertainment by focusing on drama </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating infotainment through syntax and motivated shots </a><a href="#0_0">Instantiating infotainment through the use of replays </a><a href="#0_0">Chapter summary – loosening the constraints </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">7</a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">NRK’S LOSS OF MONOPOLY AND FURTHER ON </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_25">216 </a></li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">7.1 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">First wave of competition </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_56">217 </a></li></ul><a href="#0_57">218 </a><a href="#0_58">219 </a><a href="#0_51">221 </a><a href="#0_59">222 </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">7.1.1 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Constituting national unity as a structural principle </a></li></ul><a href="#0_0">Combining the audience- and the programme perspective of structure </a><a href="#0_0">Continued focus on old structural properties </a> <a href="#0_0">7.1.2 </a><a href="#0_0">7.1.3 </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">7.1.4 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Analysis of the Cup Final in football 1984: Motion, speed and action </a></li></ul><a href="#0_0">7.2 </a><a href="#0_0">7.3 </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_0">Analysis of the Cup Final in football 1986 </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_31">225 </a></li></ul>

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