Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) Special Issue-7: 4065-4077 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Special Issue-7 pp. 4065-4077 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article Ginger (Zingiber officinale): A Nobel Herbal Remedy P. Singh1*, S. Srivastava2, V. B. Singh1, Pushkar Sharma2 and Devendra Singh3 1Department of Animal Nutrition, C.V.Sc. & A.H., N.D.U.A.T., Kumarganj, Faizabad-224229 (U.P.), India 2Department of Veterinary Gyneacology and Obstetrics, C.V.Sc. & A.H., N.D.U.A.T., Kumarganj, Faizabad-224229 (U.P.), India 3Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Udaipur, (Rajasthan), India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Now the trend is reversing towards the traditional medicines i.e. Phytotherapy. Ancient Ayurveda has described about the medicinal plants and their medicinal used in various diseases. Medicinal plants are generally known as “Chemical Goldmines” as they contain natural chemicals, which are acceptable to human and animal systems. Ginger is one which scientifically known as Zingiber officinale, belonging to family Zingiberaceae and the most important plant with several medicinal, nutritional and ethnomedical values therefore, used K e yw or ds extensively worldwide as a spice, flavouring agent and herbal remedy. Traditionally, Z. Antimicrobial, officinale is used in Ayurveda, Siddha, Chinese, Arabian, Africans, Caribbean and many Antibiotic, Ginger, other medicinal systems to cure a variety of diseases like pain, nausea, vomiting, asthma, Phytotherapy cough, inflammation, dyspepsia, loss of appetite, palpitaion, constipation and indigestion. The major phytochemicals of ginger root include gingerols, zingibain, bisabolene, oleoresins, starch, essential oil (zingiberne, zingiberole, camphen, cineole, borneol), mucilage, and proteins which were responsible for the medicinal property of ginger. This study is aimed to review the salient medicinal properties of ginger and is uses in treatment of various diseases. Introduction Phytotherapy (herbal medicine or understanding of the pivotal role medicinal Herbalism) is the study of plant science and plants play in providing herbal remedies to use of plants and intended for medicinal health maladies. India has a rich resource purposes or for supplementing a diet. Plants base of medicinal plants, plush with have been the basis for medical treatments approximately 8,000 different species. through much of human history, and According to the Government of India such traditional medicine is still widely (GOI), traditional medicines are the sole practiced today. The World Health means of health care for about 65 percent of Organization (WHO) has been promoting a the population. The Knowledge of useful movement for "Saving plants for Saving plants must have been the first acquired by Lives" This is because of the growing man to satisfy his hunger and heal his 4065 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) Special Issue-7: 4065-4077 wounds (Kshirsagar and Singh 2001). (gingierol, shogaol), phenol (gingeol, Proven agro-industrial technologies need to zingerone), proteolytic enzyme (zingibain), be applied to the cultivation and processing vitamin B6, Vitamin C, calcium, of medicinal plants and the manufacture of magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, linoleic herbal medicines. acid, gum, starch, lignin, vegeto matter, asmazone, acetic acid, acetate of potassa, Ginger is a subtropical plant grown for its sulphur. The gingerol is the alcohol group of root (rhizome or underground stem). The the oleoresin. Ginger owes its aroma to root has tan skin, ivory to pale green flesh, about 1 to 3% of volatile oils, which are peppery, slightly sweet flavor. Ginger has bisabolene, zingiberene and zingiberol many medicinal uses; the fresh or dried (Dhanik et al., 2017). The major rhizome is used in oral or topical pharmacological activity of ginger appears preparations for treatment a variety of to be due to gingerol and shogaol. ailments, while the essential oil is applied topically as an analgesic. Evidence suggests Anti-inflammatory activity that ginger is most effective against nausea and vomiting in small animals, associated Ginger appears to be promising for safe use with surgery, vertigo, travel sickness and in medicine, pharmaceutical and food morning sickness and pregnancy, and cancer industries. Ginger is also often used in joint chemotherapy (Bone et al., 1990, Grontved support supplements. Ginger was reported to et al., 1988, Sripramote et al., 2003). This have effectiveness for relieving joint pain of study deals to summarized and review upon osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis the use of Zingiber officinale by the different probably due to its anti-inflammatory ethnic communities of India. This work is effects. (Thomson et al., 2002, Wigler et al., also an attempt to present and enlist the use 2003 and Ramadan et al., 2011). Funk et al., zinger as ethnoveterinary meditational (2016) clinically investigated the utility and purpose by different communities of India as safety and effectiveness of ginger in dietary well as abroad. The authors hope that this supplements to quell joint disease in review will be helpful in medicinal inflammatory arthritis may be warranted, but treatment of animals. should clearly include careful consideration and characterization of the chemical content Phytochemical constituents of ginger of the products to be tested. (Rayati et al., (Zingiber officinale) 2017) ginger powder is as effective as ibuprofen in the management of postsurgical Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a flowering sequelae. Furthermore, serum C-reactive plant whose rhizome, ginger root or protein (CRP) levels alone are not suggested simply ginger, is widely used as a spice or for the assessment of anti-inflammatory a folk medicine. The primary known effects of drugs. Hassan et al., (2017) constituents of ginger root include gingerols, resulted about the aqueous extracts of Z. zingibain, bisabolene, oleoresins, starch, officinale have significantly decreased the essential oil (zingiberne, zingiberole, carrageenan-Induced inflammation and camphen, cineole, borneol), mucilage, and related paw edema in our study on Sprague protein. Volatile oils are bisabolene, cineole, dawley rats. Ginger and coriander contain phellanadrene, citral, borneol, citronellol, many chemical constituents which have geranial, linalool, limeonene, zingiberol, anti-inflammatory effect against zingiberene, camphene), oleoresin inflammation caused by gamma radiation 4066 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) Special Issue-7: 4065-4077 (Abd El-Salam and Hassan, 2017). Several dosage of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt. research reports have resulted that whole respectively daily for 30 days which ginger extract have anti-inflammatory effect revealed dosage of 50 mg/kg to be safest and on the production of NO/iNOS, PGE2/COX- protective to rats that may be used in various 2, TNF-a, IL-1b, and macrophage disease conditions in animals for its chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP- 1) in antioxidant potential and In vitro antioxidant murine macrophages, such as RAW264.7 activity of Zingiber officinale extracts and cells and J774.1 cells, as well as human its safety study in rats. Danwilai et al., monocytes, U937 cells.(Imanishi et al., (2017) confirm the antioxidant 2004, Lantz et al., 2007 and Chen et al., pharmacological activity of ginger in their 2008). study. No serious adverse effects were reported after taking ginger extract as a daily Antioxidant Activity supplement. Antioxidant medicines are molecule that Antimicrobial activity inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Fuhrman et al., (2000) described about In Antibacterial activity vitro, ginger has been shown to exhibit antioxidant effects. Nunes et al., (2012) Ginger has strong antibacterial properties. reported that Free radical or reactive oxygen Studies have revealed that a methanol species are one of the main culprits in the extract of Z. officinale rhizomes possesses genesis of various diseases. However, significant antibacterial activity against neutralization of free radical activity is one Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteriditis and of the important steps in the diseases Staphylococcus aureus (Sunilson et al., prevention. Antioxidants stabilize/deactivate 2009). Escherichia coli induced diarrhea is free radicals, often before they attack targets the leading cause of death in developing in biological cells. Plants fruits, seeds, oil, countries and recently it was documented leaves, bark and roots show an important that zingerone exerted protective effect on role in diseases prevention due to the rich E. coli induced diarrhea (Chen et al., 2008). source of antioxidant Eleazu et al., (2012) studied antioxidant potentials of six varieties Zingerone also showed protective effect in of ginger. All the varieties were observed to hyper motility mediated diarrhea that was possess strong antioxidant activities and had linked to inhibition of gastrointestinal high quantities of phenols, which may be motility (Iwami et al., 2011). A recent study responsible for their antioxidant activities. also indicated that zingerone supplemented Correlation analysis in the study revealed Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus that the total phenolic contents of the ginger vannamei) juveniles showed strengthening varieties correlated negatively with their of immunity and protection against V. total oleoresin contents. This finding alginolyticus challenge (Chang et al., 2012).