aup_mare_2 18-08-2004 16:52 Pagina 1 2 MARE PUBLICATION SERIES 2 T Jeremy Boissevain and This collection of essays is about tourism and social, political, and economic relations in coastal om Selwyn (Eds.) locations in various parts of the world. The starting point of each chapter is the ethnographic study of one particular place. However, the authors are also concerned with wider regional, national, and global forces which shape and influence the local economies and societies under review. Although most of the essays focus on the European coastline, the book is intended to have implications for other geographical areas. Jeremy Boissevain is Emeritus In most parts of the world, coastal settlements and contexts are changing rapidly and markedly. These contexts are routinely characterised by conflict between different interest groups contesting Professor of Social Anthropology at the ownership and control of the foreshore and its resources. One of the threads running through Contesting the Foreshore the University of Amsterdam. the volume is that coastal regions are often sites of fishing and related ‘traditional’ activities. The chapters discuss the relationships between traditional stakeholders, such as fishermen and local residents, and new stakeholders including new residents, second-home owners, tourists and tourism Edited by property developers, and fish farm managers as they vie for status, influence, and ultimately for Jeremy Boissevain and space on the foreshore. Tom Selwyn The underlying preoccupation of the volume as a whole is the extent of penetration and transformation resulting from the onward march of capitalism and the market system in the coastal Tom Selwyn is Professor of locations studied. Anthropology at London MARE is an interdisciplinary social Jeremy Boissevain is Emeritus Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Amsterdam. Metropolitan University. science centre affiliated with the Tom Selwyn is Professor of Anthropology at London Metropolitan University. University of Amsterdam and Wageningen University in the Netherlands. MAREs’ mandate is to Contesting the Foreshore generate innovative, policy- 2 relevant, research on marine and ISBN 90 5356 694 5 coastal issues that is applicable to Tourism, Society, and Politics both North and South. Its numerous activities include the bi-annual on the Coast People and the Sea conferences and the maritime studies journal MAST. www.aup.nl www.marecentre.nl A U P A U P CONTESTING THE FORESHORE Contesting the Foreshore Tourism, Society, and Politics on the Coast Edited by Jeremy Boissevain and Tom Selwyn MARE Publication Series No. 2 Amsterdam University Press The publication of this book is made possible by a grant from the University of Amsterdam (Centraal Onderzoeksfonds). Cover illustration: Spinola Bay, Malta (by courtesy of the Malta Tourism Authority) Cover design: Sabine Mannel/NAP, Amsterdam Lay out: japes, Amsterdam isbn 90 5356 694 5 nur 741 © Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2004 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Series Foreword The coastal environment has become one of the new frontiers and fastest growing areas of the world’s tourism industry. Coastal tour- ism is having many ecological, economic, societal, and cultural con- sequences, which, while providing new opportunities for economic prosperity, are challenging for coastal communities. Old occupa- tions, such as fishing, are making way for jobs in hotels and restau- rants. Coastal resorts are making ever-increasing claims on re- sources and land, and power relations are shifting. In view of these developments, it is curious that this part of the tourism sector has at- tracted very little attention from the social sciences. Important ques- tions regarding the nature of changes that are occurring and the in- teractions, which are taking place with other coastal peoples and activities, have thereby remained underexplored. This is the second volume of the MARE Publication Series, an initia- tive of the Centre for Maritime Research (MARE) that was estab- lished by the University of Amsterdam and Wageningen University in 2001. MARE’s aim is to provide a platform for the development and exchange of scientific knowledge on the use of marine and coastal resources. In addition to the publication series, MARE orga- nizes conferences and workshops and publishes a journal called Maritime Studies (MAST ). We, the editors, aim to create a series that addresses topics of current relevance to the relationship between people and the sea. Our inten- tion is to ensure the highest academic standards through the involve- ment of specialists in the field and through the instrument of peer review. This volume, put together by Jeremy Boissevain and Tom Selwyn, meets the series’ intent admirably. First of all, as mentioned above, coastal tourism is a phenomenon of global importance. Secondly, 5 the editors have succeeded in gathering contributions from a range of social science disciplines. This is in line with MARE’s mandate of furthering interactions between academics in various branches of learning. We acknowledge once more the competent guidance of Amsterdam University Press. Linda Emmelkamp and Iris Monnereau, our edito- rial managers, have again done an excellent job. Svein Jentoft (University of Tromsø, Norway; e-mail: [email protected]) Maarten Bavinck (University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; e-mail: [email protected]) 6 Series Foreword Contents Series Foreword 5 Acknowledgments 9 1 Introduction 11 Tom Selwyn and Jeremy Boissevain 2 Privatising the Mediterranean Coastline 35 Tom Selwyn 3 Littoral Fishermen, Aquaculture, and Tourism in the Canary Islands: Attitudes and Economic Strategies 61 José J. Pascual 4 Between the Sea and the Land: Exploring the Social Organisation of Tourism Development in a Gran Canaria Fishing Village 83 Raoul V. Bianchi and Agustín Santana Talavera 5 Tourism, Kinship, and Social Change in Sennen Cove, Cornwall 109 Michael John Ireland 6 Evaluating Contrasting Approaches to Marine Ecotourism: ‘Dive Tourism’ and ‘Research Tourism’ in the Wakatobi Marine National Park, Indonesia 151 Julian Clifton 7 Fishermen and the Creation of Marine Parks: Northern Sporades (Greece), Northern Cap de Creus (Catalonia), and the Iroise Sea (France) 169 Katia Frangoudes and Frédérique Alban 8 An Assessment of the Potential Interest of Fishermen to Engage in Boat-Chartering in the Context of a Marine Park: The Case of the Iroise Sea, Western Brittany, France 185 Frédérique Alban and Jean Boncoeur 7 9 Marine and Coastal Issues in Local Environmental Conflict: Greece, Spain, and Portugal 205 Maria Kousis 10 Hotels, Tuna Pens, and Civil Society: Contesting the Foreshore in Malta 233 Jeremy Boissevain 11 All Pervading Island Tourism: The Case of Texel, The Netherlands 261 René van der Duim and Jaap Lengkeek 12 Izola’s Fishermen between Yacht Clubs, Beaches, and State Borders: Connections between Fishing and Tourism 281 Nataša Rogelja Index 309 List of Contributors 313 8 Contents Acknowledgments This collection of essays has emerged from some of the presenta- tions made during the workshop on ‘Aquatourism and multiple-use conflicts’ held during the ‘People and the Sea’ Conference marking the inauguration of the Centre for Maritime Research (MARE), in Amsterdam, September 2001. We are grateful to all those who par- ticipated in the discussions. Other contributions were solicited dur- ing the course of editing. Our thanks also go to the authors for cheer- fully rewriting their contributions, to the members of the MARE team – Maarten Bavinck, Linda Emmelkamp-Boutachekourt, Iris Monnereau and Derek Johnson – for their help, patience and, in par- ticular, the sterling editorial support they gave us, to Ann Holleman for her help, and to Carmel Fsadni and the University of Malta for office space at critical moments. Finally, we would like to thank our respective families for accepting our lapses while we were entangled in editorial tasks. Jeremy Boissevain University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands email: [email protected] Tom Selwyn London Metropolitan University, Great Britain email: [email protected] 9 1 Introduction Tom Selwyn and Jeremy Boissevain Aims and Approaches This volume of essays is concerned with questions of place and space on coasts and is rooted in the ethnographic study of coastal villages, towns, resorts and marine parks, together with the land, sea, and nat- ural resources that surround them. Although the larger part of the collection consists of work on the European coastline, the book is in- tended to have implications for geographical areas elsewhere in the world. The primary focus is upon coastal settlements and the con- texts under which these evolve. These contexts are routinely under- pinned by conflict between different interest groups contesting the ownership and control of the foreshore and its resources. We shall turn to the structural nature of this contestation at the conclusion of this Introduction. Each chapter examines particular sites framed by structures, pro- cesses and relations, each having dimensions which are at once eco- nomic, environmental, political, social, and symbolic. The aim of this Introduction is