Jean Paul Sarrazín Martínez** The protection of cultural GLYHUVLW\UHÀH[LRQVRQLWV origins and implications* La protección de la diversidad cultural: UHÀH[LRQHVVREUHVXVIXQGDPHQWRVH implicaciones Recibido: 7 de noviembre de 2014 / Aceptado: 23 de enero de 2015 Key words: Abstract Alterity, Cultural boundaries, 7KH¿UVWSDUWRIWKLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVDKLVWRULFDORXWOLQHRIKRZUDFLDODQG Cultural diversity, Identity cultural alterity (particularly indigeneity) has been imagined and represented and Social policies. E\HOLWHVLQ&RORPELDVLQFHWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\7KHHYROXWLRQRIWKHVHLGHDV WDNHVXVWRWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\FDWHJRU\RI³HWKQLFJURXSV´DQGLWVUHSUHVHQWD- WLRQLQSRVLWLYHWHUPVDSURFHVVWKDWVLJQL¿HVDVXEVWDQWLDOFKDQJHFRPSDUHGWR SDVWGLVFRXUVHVLQIDYRXURIFXOWXUDOKRPRJHQHLW\7KHVHFRQGSDUWRIWKLVWH[W UHÀHFWVRQWKHZD\VLQZKLFKHWKQLFSROLFLHVDUHOHJLWLPL]HG±WRGD\PRUHWKDQ HYHU±WKURXJKWKHSULQFLSOHRI³WKHSURWHFWLRQRIFXOWXUDOERXQGDULHV´DSULQ- FLSOHZKLFKLVZLGHO\SUDLVHGDQGXQFRQWHVWHGEXWZKLFKKDVEHFRPHWRWDOO\ GHSHQGHQWRQSUREOHPDWLFFRQFHSWVVXFKDV³FXOWXUDOGDPDJH´³DXWKHQWLFLW\´ RU³SUHVHUYDWLRQ´)XUWKHUPRUHWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDODFWLRQVEDVHGRQWKDWSULQFLSOH DUHDFWXDOO\XQFHUWDLQDPELJXRXVDQGLQHI¿FLHQWDVLWXDWLRQWKDWLQYLWHVXVWR TXHVWLRQWKH³SROLFLHVIRUGLYHUVLW\´ Resumen Palabras clave: /DSULPHUDSDUWHGHHVWHDUWtFXORSUHVHQWDXQDSHUVSHFWLYDKLVWyULFDVREUH Alteridad, Fronteras culturales, la manera en que la alteridad racial y cultural (particularmente la indigenidad) 'LYHUVLGDGFXOWXUDO KDVLGRLPDJLQDGDSRUODVpOLWHVHQ&RORPELDGHVGHHOVLJOR;,;/DHYROXFLyQ Identidad y Políticas sociales. GHHVWDVLGHDVQRVOOHYDDODDFWXDOFDWHJRUtDGH³JUXSRVpWQLFRV´\VXUHSUH- VHQWDFLyQHQWpUPLQRVSRVLWLYRVDFWXDOPHQWH(QODVHJXQGDSDUWHGHODUWtFXOR VHUHÀH[LRQDVREUHODPDQHUDHQTXHODVSROtWLFDVpWQLFDVVHOHJLWLPDQKR\PiV TXHQXQFDDWUDYpVGHOSULQFLSLRGH³SURWHFFLyQGHODGLYHUVLGDGFXOWXUDO´HO FXDOJR]DGHXQHORJLRJHQHUDOL]DGRSHURTXHHQHOIRQGRGHSHQGHWRWDOPHQWH GHFRQFHSWRVPX\SUREOHPiWLFRVWDOHVFRPR³GDxRFXOWXUDO´³DXWHQWLFLGDG´R ³SUHVHUYDFLyQ´$VtVHREVHUYDTXHPXFKDVGHODVDFFLRQHVLQVWLWXFLRQDOHVTXH VHKDQWRPDGRHQQRPEUHGHGLFKDSURWHFFLyQVRQHQUHDOLGDGLQFLHUWDVDP- ELJXDVHLQH¿FDFHVORFXDOHYLGHQFLDODQHFHVLGDGGHUHHYDOXDUODV³SROtWLFDV SDUDODGLYHUVLGDG´ Referencia de este artículo (APA):6DUUD]tQ- 7KHSURWHFWLRQRIFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\UHÀH[LRQVRQLWVRULJLQVDQG implications. En Justicia, 27, 99-117. /DPD\RUSDUWHGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHGLRRULJHQDHVWHDUWtFXORIXH¿QDQFLDGDSRUHO,QVWLWXWR&RORPELDQRGH$QWURSRORJtDH+LVWRULD ±,&$1+(ODXWRUSHUWHQHFHDO*UXSRGH$QWURSRORJtD6RFLDOUHFRQRFLGRSRU&ROFLHQFLDV $QWURSyORJRFRQ2SFLyQHQ)LORVRItD 8QLYHUVLGDGGHORV$QGHV 0DJtVWHUHQ0LJUDFLRQHV\5HODFLRQHV,QWHUpWQLFDV 8QLYHUVLWpGH 3RLWLHUV)UDQFLD 'RFWRUHQ6RFLRORJtD 8QLYHUVLWpGH3RLWLHUV)UDQFLD $FWXDOPHQWHWUDEDMDFRPRSURIHVRULQYHVWLJDGRUGHSODQWD YLQFXODGRDO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH6RFLRORJtDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH$QWLRTXLDMSVDUUD#\DKRRFRP Justicia, No. 27 - pp. 99-117 - Junio 2015 - Universidad Simón Bolívar - Barranquilla, Colombia - ISSN: 0124-7441 http://publicaciones.unisimonbolivar.edu.co/rdigital/justicia/index.php/justicia JEAN PAUL SARRAZÍN MARTÍNEZ INTRODUCTION prinFLSOHRIWKHSURWHFWLRQRIFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\ 7KH³SROLFLHVIRUGLYHUVLW\´±UHIHUUHGWRKHUH- VXSSRVHGO\LQIDYRXURIHWKQLFSRSXODWLRQV DIWHU±DUH&RORPELD¶VQDWLRQDOSROLFLHVFUHDWHG 7KLV LPSOLHV D FULWLFDO DQDO\VLV RI ³FXOWXUDO IRUHWKQLFJURXSV$OWKRXJK³GLYHUVLW\´FDQDOVR GLYHUVLW\´QRWDVDQREMHFWLYHUHDOLW\EXWDVD include other categories such as gays and les- FRQFHSWLQYHQWHGPDLQO\E\³ZKLWH´LQWHOOHFWXDO ELDQVKDQGLFDSSHGSHRSOHRU-HZVZHZLOOQRW HOLWHV6HYHUDODXWKRUVKDYHLQGHHGVKRZQKRZ UHIHUWRWKHPGLUHFWO\LQWKLVWH[W7RGD\HWKQLF ³FXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\´LVDFRQFHSWSUDLVHGXQDQL- JURXSV±PDLQO\LQGLJHQRXVSHRSOHVDQGDIURFR- PRXVO\LQGLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHVDQGZLWKLQGLIIHU- 1 lombians – are the most visible social categories HQW LGHRORJLHV OHIWZLQJ RU ULJKWZLQJ DOLNH RIZKDWLVQRZZLGHO\DQGWRRXQFULWLFDOO\FDOOHG in academia, private companies, governmental ³FXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\´LQ&RORPELDQPHGLDDQGRI- DQGQRQJRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQVVHHIRULQ- ¿FLDOGLVFRXUVHV VWDQFH 5LEHLUR6DUUD]LQDQG:RRG ,QWKLVDUWLFOHZHZLOOEHDQDO\VLQJVRPHRI :HPXVWQRZWU\WRXQGHUVWDQGKRZWKLV WKHKLVWRULFDOJURXQGVRIWRGD\¶VSUDLVHRI³FXO- FRQFHSWFDPHWREHVRZLGHO\SUDLVHGDQGZKDW WXUDO GLYHUVLW\´ DV ZHOO DV WKH ZRUNLQJV DQG DUHVRPHRIWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRILWVXVHLQ&R- LPSOLFDWLRQVRIFRQWHPSRUDU\SROLFLHVLQIDYRXU ORPELD¶VVRFLDOSROLWLFDOFRQWH[W RIHWKQLF³GLYHUVLW\´:LWKRXWGLVUHJDUGLQJWKH 7KH¿UVWSDUWRIWKLVDUWLFOHGHVFULEHVVRPHRI SROLWLFDO VWUXJJOHV RI VRPH HWKQLF JURXSV RU WKHPDLQSRVLWLYHLGHDVPDQLIHVWHGE\WKHHOLWHV LJQRULQJWKHIDFWWKDWWKRVHSRSXODWLRQVDUHWKH about ethnicity and particularly about indignity GHVFHQGDQWVRIVRFLDOJURXSVZKLFKKDYHEHHQ DVWKH\KDYHHYROYHGLQWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHFRXQ- systematically marginalised and excluded in the try, since it became an independent nation in country since colonial times, it is important to WKH¿UVWGHFDGHVRIWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\:H FODULI\IURPWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKLVSDSHUWKDWLWLV ZLOOSURYLGHDYHU\EULHIRYHUYLHZRIWKHSHULRG QRWDUHYLVLRQRIWKHH[WHQVLYHOLWHUDWXUHRQPXO- VWUHWFKLQJ IURP LQGHSHQGHQFH XQWLO WKH HQG RI ticulturalism or on ethnic movements and their WKHV)URPRQWKHDQDO\VLVZLOOEH- VWUXJJOHIRUHPSRZHUPHQWDQGUHFRJQLWLRQ,Q- VWHDGZHZLOOEHIRFXVLQJRQWKHHYROXWLRQRI FRPHPRUHGHWDLOHGDVWKLVZDVWKHEHJLQQLQJRI some hegemonic ideas about ethnicity and cul- DSHULRGGLUHFWO\LQÀXHQFHGE\WKHPXOWLFXOWXUDO- WXUDOGLYHUVLW\E\QRQHWKQLFHOLWHVDQGZHZLOO LVWVSROLWLFDO&RQVWLWXWLRQZULWWHQLQ EHFULWLTXLQJVRPHRIWKHSROLFLHVEDVHGRQWKH $IWHU WKDW KLVWRULFDO RXWOLQH WKLV DUWLFOH GH- YHORSVDFULWLFDOUHÀHFWLRQRQVRPHRIWKHSROL- FLHVODZVGHFUHHVRI¿FLDOQRUPVDQGMXGLFLDO $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH ODWHVW FHQVXV RI WKH QDWLRQDO SRSXODWLRQ '$1( WKHUHDUHWKUHHPDLQFDWHJRULHVRIHWK- FDVHVZKHUHHWKQLFJURXSVDUHLQYROYHGDQGRU QLF JURXSV LQ &RORPELD ,QGLJHQRXV SHRSOHV RI WKH QDWLRQDOSRSXODWLRQ $IUR&RORPELDQV DQG5RPDQL DUH RSSRVHG WR RWKHU W\SHV RI DFWRUV VXFK DV SHRSOH ,QGLJHQRXVSHRSOHVDUHWKHPVHOYHVGLYLGHG LQWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\HWKQLFJURXSVRU³FXOWXUHV´ peasant communities, the State, or private com- Justicia, No. 27 - pp. 99-117 - Junio 2015 - Universidad Simón Bolívar - Barranquilla, Colombia - ISSN: 0124-7441 http://publicaciones.unisimonbolivar.edu.co/rdigital/justicia/index.php/justicia THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY: REFLEXIONS ON ITS ORIGINS AND IMPLICATIONS SDQLHV$ UHYLVLRQ RI WKRVH FDVHV2 LV ZKDW OHG JURXSVDQG±PRVWLPSRUWDQWO\IRUWKLVDUWLFOHDV XVWRQRWLFHWKDWWKHSULQFLSOHRIWKHSURWHFWLRQ LWZLOOEHH[SODLQHGODWHU±WRZKDWLVQRZFDOOHG RIFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\LVIUHTXHQWO\EURXJKWXSLQ ³FXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\´%HFDXVHRIWKLVWKHKLVWRU\ GHIHQFHRIVRFLDOJURXSVPDUNHGDV³HWKQLF´±D RIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVDERXWWKH³,QGLDQV´WKH³LQ- FDWHJRU\ ZKLFK LV LQ LWVHOI SUREOHPDWLF DV ZH GLJHQRXV SHRSOHV´ RU WKH ³QDWLYH FXOWXUHV´3 is ZLOODOVRDUJXH crucial to understand contemporary representa- )DU IURP EHLQJ DQRWKHU FULWLTXH RI PXOWL- tions about other ethnic groups. Indeed, Restre- FXOWXUDOLVP VHH IRU H[DPSOH %RFDUHMR SR KDVVKRZQWKDWWKHGRPLQDQWPRGHO &KDYHV+DOH3LQHGD IRU LPDJLQJ LQGLJQLW\ LQ WKH FRXQWU\ KDV EHHQ 5HVWUHSR6HJDWRDQG:DGH extrapolated in many institutional circumstances WKLVLVDFULWLTXHRIWKH³SROLFLHVIRUGLYHU- WRLPDJLQHEODFNFRPPXQLWLHVDVZHOO4. VLW\´DW\SHRISROLFLHVZKLFKLVIUHTXHQWO\SUH- ,QIRULQVWDQFHWKH6WDWHJLYHVIRUWKH VHQWHGDVVRPHWKLQJQHZDQGIUHHIURPWKHSURE- ¿UVWWLPHDSDUWLFXODUVWDWXVWRWKH³LQGLJHQRXV lems pointed on multiculturalism. Indeed, this SHRSOHV´LQWKHMXULGLFDOIUDPHZRUN:HFDQWKXV HVVD\VSHFL¿FDOO\UHÀHFWVRQWKHORJLFEHKLQGWKH VSHDNRIVRPHVRUWRIUHFRJQLWLRQZKLFKFDQEH ³SURWHFWLRQRIFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\´DQLGHDZKLFK FRQVLGHUHG DV DQ DQFHVWRU RI WRGD\¶V ³SRVLWLYH LV QRZDGD\V XQFKDOOHQJHG DQG FRQVLGHUHG E\ GLVFULPLQDWLRQ´ &XQLQ , p. 31) and the PDQ\ DV D SULQFLSOH IRU SROLWLFDO DFWLRQ ZKLFK SROLFLHVIRUWKHSURWHFWLRQRIFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\ ZRXOGQHFHVVDULO\EHJRRGLQWKHH\HVRIHYHU\ 7KLV UHFRJQLWLRQ KRZHYHU GLG QRW LPSHGH UH- VHQVLEOHKXPDQEHLQJ,QIDFWZHZLOOVHHWKDW MHFWLRQDQGH[FOXVLRQRIWKHSHRSOHVFDWHJRUL]HG WKRVH SROLWLFDO DFWLRQV VXIIHU LQ PDQ\ DVSHFWV LQWKLVZD\E\WKH³ZKLWH´DQG³PHVWL]R´PDMRU- IURPWKHVDPHIXQGDPHQWDOSUREOHPVDIIHFWLQJ ity in the country. PXOWLFXOWXUDOLVW¶VSROLFLHV $VLWLVZLGHO\NQRZQVLQFHWKHQLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\PRVWQDWLRQDOLVWSURMHFWVZHUHIRXQGHG Discourses about indignity from 1810 to RQWKHLGHDRIFXOWXUDOKRPRJHQHLW\RIWKH1D- 1970 WLRQ 6PLWKS &RORPELDQQDWLRQDO- In Colombia, the images and policies related LVPZDVFHUWDLQO\QRWDQH[FHSWLRQWRWKLVUXOHD WR 1DWLYH $PHULFDQV KDYH EHHQ IRUPDWLYH RI XQL¿HGFRXQWU\ZLWKRQHFXOWXUHRQHODQJXDJH the images and policies related to other ethnic RQHUHOLJLRQHWF0RUHRYHUWKHQHZO\ERUQ5H- SXEOLFRI&RORPELDGHFODUHGWKHHTXDOLW\RIDOO 7KRVHMXGLFLDOFDVHVZKHUHVHQWWRWKH,QVWLWXWR&RORPELDQR PHQ 3ROLWLFDO&RQVWLWXWLRQRI &RORPELDQ GH$QWURSRORJtDH+LVWRU\ &RORPELDQ,QVWLWXWHRI$QWKURSR- ORJ\DQG+LVWRU\,&$1+ E\WKH&RUWH&RQVWLWXFLRQDO 7KH &RQVWLWXWLRQDO&RXUW 7KHIDFWVSUHVHQWHGLQWKHVHFRQGSDUW RIWKLV SDSHUDUHSDUWO\EDVHGRQWKHREVHUYDWLRQVDQGFRQ- 7KHWHUPV³,QGLDQV´³QDWLYHV´RU³LQGLJHQRXVSHRSOHV´ZLOO FOXVLRQVGUDZQE\XVDVUHVHDUFKHUVZRUNLQJDWWKH,&$1+ be used as synonyms. ZLWKWKRVHGRFXPHQWVDQGFDVHV&RQVLGHULQJWKHUHVWULFWLRQV ,QFRORQLDOWLPHVWKHFDWHJRU\RI³EODFNSHRSOH´ZDVGHQLHG RIVSDFHLQDQDUWLFOHVXFKDVWKLVRQHZHFDQQRWTXRWHDQG DQLQVWLWXWLRQDOSODFHLQRI¿FLDOGLVFRXUVHVDQGLQWKHZRUNVRI H[SODLQHDFKRQHRIWKHP PRVWLQWHOOHFWXDOV &XQLQS Justicia, No. 27 - pp. 99-117 - Junio 2015 - Universidad Simón Bolívar - Barranquilla, Colombia - ISSN: 0124-7441 http://publicaciones.unisimonbolivar.edu.co/rdigital/justicia/index.php/justicia JEAN PAUL SARRAZÍN MARTÍNEZ HOLWHV LQÀXHQFHG E\ )UHQFK UHSXEOLFDQ LGHDV ZKRVKRXOGEHSXWXQGHUWKHWXWHODJHRI EHOLHYHGWKDWWKH6WDWHFRXOGRQO\ÀRXULVKXQGHU the Catholic missions. DUHJLPHEDVHGRQWKHQRWLRQRI³FLWL]HQVKLS´ $VWLPHZHQWRQDQGQRPDWWHUZKDWW\SHRI +RZHYHULQGLJQLW\ZDVNHSWDVDV\PERORI JRYHUQPHQWZDVLQSRZHUWKHPHDVXUHVUHJDUG-