This Thesis is Dedicated to my Beloved Parents Extension :( 0571) 2701720 Prof. Mohd. Nafees Ahamd Ansari Internal: 1560 Department of Political Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh - 20 2002 (U.P.) India. Dated ………………… Certificate This is to certify that Mr. Amir Mahmood, Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, A.M.U., Aligarh has completed his Ph.D. thesis entitled “Governance and Rural Development: A Case Study of Purnia District of Bihar ” under my supervision. The data materials, incorporated in the thesis have been collected from various sources. The researcher used and analyzed the aforesaid data and material systematically and presented the same with pragmatism. To the best of knowledge and understanding a faithful record of original research work has been carried out. This work has not been submitted partially or fully for any degree or diploma in Aligarh Muslim University or any other university. He is permitted to submit the thesis. I wish him all success in life. (Prof. Mohd. Nafees Ahmad Ansari) Acknowledgement I thanks to the Almighty for His great mercifulness and choicest blessings generously bestowed on me without which I could have never seen this work through. Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Mohd. Nafees Ahmad Ansari for his continuous support in my Ph.D. work. I am deeply obliged for his motivation, enthusiasm and patience that always inspire me during the course of Ph.D. His guidance assisted me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better supervisor and mentor for my Ph.D. Without his spiritual support my research work could not be finalized smoothly. I express my gratitude to Prof. Mirza Asmer Beg Chairman, Department of Political Science, AMU, Aligarh for his formal and informal cooperation, moral support and inspiring words at every stage of this work. Last but not least; I would like to thank my parents Mr. Mushatque Ahamd and Mrs. Maimoona Khatoon for supporting me spiritually throughout my life. There are a number of people without whom this work might not have been completed. I am also very thankful and greatly indebted to all the faculties of Department of Political Science specially Prof. A.R. Vijapur, Prof. Arif Hameed, Dr. Iftekhar Ahmmed, Dr. Farhana Kuasar, Dr. Mohammad Aslam. I am also grateful to my family members and relatives Mr. Md. Shaukat Hayat (Adv.), Mr. Md. Wasique, Mr. Zubairul Hassan (Rtd. A.D.J), Mr. Zafarul Hassan, Mr. Aslam Hassan (IRS, GoI), Mr. Nizam Ahmad (Rtd. S.D.O., GoB), Mr. Nasir Mahmood, Dr. Anwar Hayat, Dr. Abul Kalam, Mr. Anwar Shamim (J.M, Bihar), Mr. Shamim Ahmad, Mr. Iftekhar Mahmood, Mr. Naushad Mahmood, Mr. Nehal Asif, Mr. Faisal Mahmood, Mrs. Rizawana Perween, Mrs. Rizwana Tabassum, Mrs. Azra Jalal, Mrs. Yasmin Siddique, Mrs. Gufrana Perween, Mrs. Rabia Khatoon, Mrs. Anjuman Ara,Mrs. Rehana Khatoon, Mrs. Shabnam Ara, Mrs. Naghma Tarannum, Mrs. Shagufta Kalam, Mrs. Sadaf Suzain, Mrs. Pinki Naznin, Baby Bushra Hayat, Baby Aleena Aslam and Baby Barirah Hayat who morally supported and motivated continuously to accomplish my research work. I am also thankful to my peer groups specially Dr. Ashraf Imam, Dr. Mushtaque Ahamd, Dr. Sarfaraz Javed, Dr. S.M. Uzair Iqbal, Mr. Nazeer Hussain, Er. Nadeem Ahamd, Mrs. Nida Fatima, Rakesh Khokar (Ministry of Labour), Aslam Farooqui (FCI), Md. Shahnawaz Irfan(BPM, Jalagarh, Purnia), Mr. Zeeshan Warsi, Dr. Parth Sharma, Mr. Rajmohan Sharma, Mr. Maherukh Bin Mohd Hasan, Mr. Naseem Ahamd, Mr. Faisal Kazmi, Mr. Arshad Iftekhar, Mr. Mohd. Azharuddin, Mr. Mohd. Afzal Hussain, Mr. Abdul Bari, Mr. Tahir Hussain, Mr. Dilnawaz Rashid Amani, Mr. Ravi Shankar and Mr. Alok Ranjan. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Hammad Ahamd, Mr. Moquitur Rehman, Mr. Mohammad Asaf, Mr. Sulaiman Khan, and Mr. Afzal Khan and other staff member of Department of Political Science, AMU Aligarh. I am also thankful to the staffs of Maulana Azad Library, AMU, Indian Institute of Public Administration New Delhi, Ministry of Rural Development Government of India, Department of Rural Development Government of Bihar and New Bookbinding works, Aligarh. I am also thankful to the Block Development Officers of the Blocks of Purnia District which I have visited during my survey. Despite all efforts to make the thesis free from error, there may be errors still left unnoticed for what the Researcher takes all the responsibilities personally. Amir Mahmood Abbreviations PRIs Panchayati Raj Institutions IMF International monetary fund MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act SSA ServaSikhaAbhiyan NPM New Public Management UNDP United Nation Development Programme NBA Narmada BachaoAbhiyan ADC Autonomous District Council IRDP Integrated Rural Development Programme OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal IT Information Technology SCs Schedule Caste STs Schedule Tribes PS PanchayatSamiti UZ UpzilaParishad SAP Structural Adjustment Programme DFID Department for International Development ADB Asian Development Bank WB World Bank CDP Community Development Programme IADP Intensive Agriculutre Development Programme GR Green Revolution RE Rural Electrification ARWSP Accelerted Rural Development Water Supply Programme DPAP Drought Prone Area Programme TPP Twenty Point Programme FWP Food for Work Programme TRYSEM Training Rural Youth for Self Employment i NREP National Rural Employment Programme DWCRA Development of Women and Children in Rural Area RLEGP Rural landless employment Guarantee Programme NFRD National Fund For Rural Development CAPART Council of Adcancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology JRY JawaharRojgarYojna MSY MahilaSamridhiYojna GLISRA Group Life Insurance Scheme for Rural Area SJGSY SwaranJayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna JGSY Jawahar Gram SamridhiYojna PMGSY PardhanMantri Gram SadakYojna SGRY SampoornaGrameenRojgarYojna NRHM National Rural Health Mission NREGS National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme AABY AamAadmiBimaYojna PMSAGY PardhanMantriSansadAdrsash Gram Yojna MCBs Most Bachkward Class ULBs Urban Local Bodies DPRO District Panchayat Raj Officers DM District Magistrate GK Gram Katchery EO Excecutive officers BRC Block Resource Centre BPRO Block Panchayati Raj Officers ACO Accountant Cum Computer Operator BRGFs Backwards Regions Grant Fund Programme DRP District Resource Person BIDARD Bihar Institute of Public Administration and Rural Development ePMMP e-Panchayat Mission Mode Project GDP Gross Domestic Products BIMARU Bihar, Madhya Pardesh, Rajsathan, Uttar Pardesh ii NDA National Democratic Alliance GSDP Gross State Domestic Products NSDP Net State Domestic Products GoB Government of Bihar CSO Central Statistical Organisation SHG Self Help Group IAY Indra Awas Yojna BPL Below Poverty Line PHH Privilege household PDS Public Distribution System CSS Centrally Sponsored System WPR Work Participation Rate ADM Additional District Magistrate CD Community Development BDO Block Development Officer SDO Sub Divisional Officers MC Municipal Cooperation GP Gram Panchayat IAS Indian Administrative Services BPSC Bihar Public Service Commission DDC District Development Commissioner CEO Chief Executive Officers ZP Zila Panchayat GS Gram Sabha DPSP Directive Principles of State Policy iii List of Tables Table Title Page No. No. 2.1 Elements of Governance/Good Governance by Various 62 International Agencies List of some of the Rural Development Programme initiated 2.2 97-99 by the Government 3.1 The important physical features of the state 113 Population of Bihar Break up with Respect to Rest of India 3.2 115 Population Literacy Levels in Bihar with Respect to Rest of India Literacy 3.3 115 Rates 3.4 Elected Representatives in Panchayati Raj Institutions in Bihar 116 3.5 Administrative Units 116-117 3.6 Three-tiers of Panchayats in Bihar 118-119 3.7 Financial Assistance under BRGF 125-126 3.8 Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of GSDP 136-137 Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) at Constant 3.9 138 (2004-05) Prices of Major Indian States 3.10 Sectoral Composition of GSDP at Constant (2004-05) Prices 139-140 3.11 Performance of SGSY Programme 142 3.12 Performance of MGNREGS in Bihar 143 3.13 List of Category-wise Completed Works under MGNREGS 145-146 3.14 Year wise Covered Targets under IAY 146-147 3.15 Overview of PDS Dealerships (as on September 2014) 147-148 3.16 Working of Public Distribution System 149 3.17 Work Participation Rates in Bihar (2011) 150 i 3.18 Cumulative Disbursements under RIDF till March 2014 152-153 Sanctions and Disbursements in Bihar under RIDF till March, 3.19 153 2014 3.20 Estimated Benefits under RIDF –19 as on March, 2014 154 3.21 Performance of SHGs in Bihar (March 2014) 156 3.22 SHG-Bank Linkage in Selected States of India (March 2014) 157 3.23 Growth of Micro-financing in Bihar 157 3.24 Micro financing by RRBs during 2013- 14 158 4.1 List of the Blocks in Purnia District 171 Basic Demographic Indicators of Purnia District (as per census 4.2 172-173 2011) 4.3 Unmet Demand across States as per NSSO 66th Round 186 4.4 Current scenario of MGNREGA in Purnia District 188-189 5.1 Details of MGNREGA in BarbattaPanchayat 195 5.2 Details of MGNREGA in AdhangPanchayat 196-197 5.3 Details of MGNREGA in BhogaKariyatPanchayat 198-199 5.4 Details of MGNREGA in LalganjPanchayat 200-201 5.5 Details of MGNREGA in BishanpurPanchayat 202 5.6 Details of MGNREGA in BahoraPanchayat 203-204 5.7 Details of MGNREGA in RoutaPanchayat 205-206 5.8 Details