Modernist Heritage Conservation: An Evaluation of Theories and Current Practice Gaia Ileana Carla ZAMBURLINI School of the Built Environment College of Science and Technology University of Salford - UK Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, April 2016 Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... II LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. VII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................ IX ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................... X ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………………………................XIII PREFACE ....................................................................................................................... XIV RATIONALE .................................................................................................................... XIV METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. XVI AIM ............................................................................................................................... XXII OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. XXII RESEARCH QUESTION ................................................................................................... XXII THESIS STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................... XXIII 1 QUESTIONS OF MODERNITY ..................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 2 RESEARCH BACKGROUND ................................................................................................. 2 DOCUMENTING INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE ............................................................................... 3 NEW PERSPECTIVES ......................................................................................................... 5 FROM INDUSTRIAL TO TWENTIETH CENTURY HERITAGE ...................................................... 5 BEYOND DISCIPLINARY BOUNDARIES ................................................................................. 9 SETTING UP AN INCLUSIVE FRAMEWORK .......................................................................... 12 1.2 DEFINING MODERNITY ............................................................................................ 14 WHAT IS MODERNITY? .................................................................................................... 14 HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................... 19 DIMENSIONS OF MODERNITY ........................................................................................... 20 A LOOK INTO THE EARLY MODERN ................................................................................... 25 1.3 THE VAN NELLE FACTORY: CONSERVING A MODERN ICON ...................................... 26 HISTORY ........................................................................................................................ 26 DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................. 29 ii SIGNIFICANCE ................................................................................................................ 30 MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................ 32 2 SUSTAINABILITY ....................................................................................... 37 2.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 38 THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ............................................................... 38 OVERARCHING PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................. 39 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT .................................................................. 39 THE ROOTS OF SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLES .................................................................... 41 2.2 SUSTAINABILITY IN PRACTICE ................................................................................ 44 SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLES IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR ........................................... 44 SUSTAINABILITY IN CONSERVATION ................................................................................. 46 CULTURAL MEANING IN SUSTAINABLE RE-USE .................................................................. 51 SUSTAINING NEW USES THROUGH COLLECTIVE MEMORY .................................................. 52 LONG-TERM PERSPECTIVES AND CROSS-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH ................................... 57 2.3 SUSTAINABILITY DILEMMAS IN MODERNIST HERITAGE ............................................. 58 BUILDINGS: FINANCIAL, ECOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ENGINES .......................................... 58 MODERNIST MISCONCEPTIONS ........................................................................................ 60 2.4 THE BAUHAUS, DESSAU: ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION, URBAN REGENERATION 61 HISTORY: DESSAU .......................................................................................................... 61 HISTORY: THE BAUHAUS ................................................................................................. 63 DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................. 64 SIGNIFICANCE ................................................................................................................ 66 MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................ 69 3 CONSERVATION THEORIES .................................................................... 74 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 75 A WORKING FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................ 75 TOWARDS THE DEFINITION OF CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES .............................................. 75 MAINTENANCE, AUTHENTICITY AND INTANGIBLE VALUES ................................................... 79 MODERNIST HERITAGE CONSERVATION ........................................................................... 81 3.2 CONSERVATION ISSUES IN MODERNIST HERITAGE ................................................... 85 THE UNFOLDING OF AUTHENTICITY AS AN OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE ...................... 85 THE SHIFT IN AESTHETIC VALUES .................................................................................... 90 CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE IN HERITAGE DIVERSITY ............................................................ 93 iii 3.3 KEY CHARTERS AND CONVENTIONS ...................................................................... 98 FROM THE SENSE OF NATIONAL UNITY… ......................................................................... 98 … TO ONE OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY ................................................................................ 99 THE IDENTIFICATION OF HERITAGE AUTHENTICITY AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE ............. 102 CONSERVING THE MODERN: MATERIAL INTEGRITY AND CULTURAL AUTHENTICITY ............ 106 3.4 THE ZONNESTRAAL SANATORIUM: A SOCIAL EXPERIMENT .................................... 109 HISTORY ...................................................................................................................... 109 DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................... 111 SIGNIFICANCE .............................................................................................................. 112 MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 113 4 PLANNED AND INTEGRATED CONSERVATION .................................. 117 4.1 DEFINITION ......................................................................................................... 118 THE ORIGINS OF THE TERM IN THE INTERNATIONAL DEBATE ............................................ 118 A PREVENTIVE PRACTICE .............................................................................................. 120 4.2 INTEGRATED CONSERVATION IN CONTEXT ............................................................ 124 THE NEED FOR HERITAGE PLANNING .............................................................................. 124 INTEGRATED CONSERVATION OF MODERNIST HERITAGE ................................................ 125 4.3 THE MADRID DOCUMENT (2011) .......................................................................... 127 GENERAL OVERVIEW .................................................................................................... 127 THEME 1: IDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION OF TWENTIETH CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE ....................................................................................................................