Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Special Issue 1/ 2020 | Dec 2020 | ISSN: 0856-860X Productivity in the East African Coastal Current under Climate Change Guest Editors | Francis Marsac and Bernadine Everett Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Chief Editor José Paula | Faculty of Sciences of University of Lisbon, Portugal Copy Editor Timothy Andrew Editorial Board Lena GIPPERTH Aviti MMOCHI Sweden Tanzania Serge ANDREFOUËT Johan GROENEVELD Cosmas MUNGA France South Africa Kenya Ranjeet BHAGOOLI Issufo HALO Nyawira MUTHIGA Mauritius South Africa/Mozambique Kenya Salomão BANDEIRA Christina HICKS Ronel NEL Mozambique Australia/UK South Africa Betsy Anne BEYMER-FARRIS Johnson KITHEKA Brent NEWMAN USA/Norway Kenya South Africa Jared BOSIRE Kassim KULINDWA Jan ROBINSON Kenya Tanzania Seycheles Atanásio BRITO Thierry LAVITRA Sérgio ROSENDO Mozambique Madagascar Portugal Louis CELLIERS Blandina LUGENDO Melita SAMOILYS South Africa Tanzania Kenya Pascale CHABANET Joseph MAINA Max TROELL France Australia Sweden Published biannually Aims and scope: The Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science provides an avenue for the wide dissem- ination of high quality research generated in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region, in particular on the sustainable use of coastal and marine resources. This is central to the goal of supporting and promoting sustainable coastal development in the region, as well as contributing to the global base of marine science. The journal publishes original research articles dealing with all aspects of marine science and coastal manage- ment. Topics include, but are not limited to: theoretical studies, oceanography, marine biology and ecology, fisheries, recovery and restoration processes, legal and institutional frameworks, and interactions/relationships between humans and the coastal and marine environment. In addition, Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science features state-of-the-art review articles and short communications. The journal will, from time to time, consist of special issues on major events or important thematic issues. Submitted articles are subjected to standard peer-review prior to publication. Manuscript submissions should be preferably made via the African Journals Online (AJOL) submission plat- form (http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wiojms/about/submissions). Any queries and further editorial corre- spondence should be sent by e-mail to the Chief Editor, [email protected]. Details concerning the preparation and submission of articles can be found in each issue and at http://www.wiomsa.org/wio-journal-of-marine- science/ and AJOL site. Disclaimer: Statements in the Journal reflect the views of the authors, and not necessarily those of WIOMSA, the editors or publisher. Copyright © 2020 – Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the copyright holder. ISSN 0856-860X Cover image: Stonetown, Zanzibar (© Bernadine Everett, 2012) Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Special Issue 1/ 2020 | Dec 2020 Productivity in the East African Coastal Current under Climate Change Guest Editors | Francis Marsac and Bernadine Everett Table of Contents A comparative study of ocean surface interannual variability in Northern Tanzania and the Northern Kenya Bank Majuto Manyilizu, Philip Sagero, Issufo Halo, Shigalla B. Mahongo 01 Factors influencing spatial patterns in primary productivity in Kenyan territorial waters Joseph Kamau, Noah Ngisiange, Oliver Ochola, James Kilionzi, Amon Kimeli, Shigalla B. Mahongo, Harrison Onganda, Charles Mitto, Boaz Ohowa, Charles Magori, Edward Kimani, Melckzedeck Osore 09 Coastal upwelling and seasonal variation in phytoplankton biomass in the Pemba Channel Margareth S. Kyewalyanga, Nyamisi Peter, Masumbuko Semba, Shigalla B. Mahongo 19 Employing multivariate analysis to determine the drivers of productivity on the North Kenya Bank and in Kenyan territorial waters Joseph Kamau, Oliver Ochola, Boaz Ohowa, Charles Mitto, Charles Magori, Chepkemboi Labatt, Melckzedeck Osore, Shigalla B. Mahongo, Margaret S. Kyewalyanga 33 Biophysical modelling of coastal upwelling variability and circulation along the Tanzanian and Kenyan coasts Issufo Halo, Philip Sagero, Majuto Manyilizu, Shigalla B. Mahongo 43 Present and future trends in winds and SST off central East Africa Marisol García-Reyes, Shigalla B. Mahongo 63 Preliminary findings on the food and feeding dynamics of the anchovy Stolephorus commersonnii (Lacepède, 1803) and the Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) from Tanga Region, Tanzania Baraka C. Sekadende, Joseph S. Sululu, Albogast T. Kamukuru, Mathias M. Igulu, Shigalla B. Mahongo 71 Reproductive biology of the anchovy (Stolephorus commersonnii, Lacepède, 1803) and spotted sardine (Amblygaster sirm, Walbaum, 1792) from Tanga Region, Tanzania Joseph S. Sululu, Albogast T. Kamukuru, Baraka C. Sekadende, Shigalla B. Mahongo, Mathias M. Igulu 81 Age, growth and mortality of the anchovy Stolephorus commersonnii (Lacepède, 1803) (Clupeiformes) caught off the coast of Tanga, Tanzania Albogast T. Kamukuru, Shigalla B. Mahongo, Baraka C. Sekadende, Joseph S. Sululu 95 Livelihood impacts and adaptation in fishing practices as a response to recent climatic changes in the upwelling region of the East African Coastal Current Jacob Ochiewo, Fridah Munyi, Edward Waiyaki, Faith Kimanga, Nicholas Karani, Joseph Kamau, Shigalla B. Mahongo 105 Adaptive capacity of small pelagic fishing communities in coastal Tanga (Tanzania) to changes in climate-related phenomena Rosemarie Mwaipopo, Shigalla B. Mahongo 127 Instructions for Authors Editorial Note Productivity in the East African Coastal Current under Climate Change This special issue is the result of the work from the Productivity in the East African Coastal Current under Climate Change (PEACC) Project. The PEACC Project ( July 2016 - June 2018) aligned with the Western Indian Ocean Upwelling Research Initiative (WIOURI), one of the flagship initiatives under the Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2: 2015 to 2020). The goal of IIOE-2 is to advance our understanding of the Indian Ocean and its role in the Earth System in order to ena- ble informed decisions in support of sustainable development and the well-being of humankind. The PEACC Project was endorsed by the IIOE-2 in March 2018 (Endorsement No. IIOE2-EP28), in recognition of its potential for contributing to an increased multi-disciplinary understanding of the dynamics of the Indian Ocean, and of its contribution to the achievement of societal objectives within the realm of the Indian Ocean region. The project was undertaken by a multidisciplinary team of scientists from Tanzania, Kenya, South Africa, United Kingdom and United States of America, representing a consortium of ten institutions led by the Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI). The project was largely supported by the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA), with partial contributions from the UNESCO/ IOC Sub-commission for Africa and the Adjacent Island States, Nairobi. The later supported the conven- ing of two project planning and harmonization meetings in Kenya and Tanzania, respectively. The objective of this project was to investigate the responses of biological productivity and fisheries to changes in atmospheric and oceanographic conditions in the upwelling region associated with the East African Coastal Current. The hypothesis was that coastal upwelling is often associated with increased productivity of both primary producers and small pelagic fishes. Conversely, the small pelagic fishes, which have in the recent past constituted the main source of protein supply to coastal communities along the East African coastal region, have been facing persistent fishing pressure. The preference for small pelagic fishes was triggered by the previously preferred demersal and reef fisheries catches declining due to overfishing and the use of destructive fishing methods. The focus of the PEACC Project was on two case study sites: The Pemba Channel in Tanzania, and the North Kenya Bank in Kenya. The project goal was to provide management action points to enhance coastal community resilience to vulnerability associated with climatic changes. The various articles in this special issue bring together the most current information on four major topics: primary produc- tivity, fisheries ecology, biophysical modeling and climate, as well as socio-economics. Under primary productivity, the first article by Kamau et al. investigated the factors influencing spatial patterns in Kenyan territorial waters. Primary productivity was found to be largely supported by an upwelling phenomenon and organic matter mineralization. In another paper, Kamau et al. employed multivariate analysis to determine the productivity drivers in the same area. This second paper by Kamau et al strengthens the conclusions of the previous paper on the region’s productivity. Using Prin- cipal Component Analysis in the Pemba Channel, Kyewalyanga et al. concluded that Chl-a concentration was significantly higher during the northeast monsoon, as compared to the southeast monsoon period, and this difference has been linked to higher nutrient concentrations during the northeast season, most probably due to seasonal upwelling in the area. Under fisheries ecology, Kamukuru et al. investigated the age, growth and mortality