Bilag 6 til Fra passiv iagttager til aktiv deltager Bidrag til kortlægning af mekanismerne bag de seneste 150 års samfundsmæssige forandringer og gradvist øgede demokratisering i Grønland [Udgives kun elektronisk] Klaus Georg Hansen Nuuk 2017 Klaus Georg Hansen Bilag 6 til Fra passiv iagttager til aktiv deltager Bidrag til kortlægning af mekanismerne bag de seneste 150 års samfundsmæssige forandringer og gradvist øgede demokratisering i Grønland INUSSUK – Arktisk forskningsjournal 1 – 2017 – Bilag 6 Udgives kun elektronisk på hjemmesiden for Departementet for Uddannelse, Kultur Forskning og Kirke. 1. udgave, 1. oplag Nuuk, 2017 Copyright © Klaus Georg Hansen samt Departementet for Uddannelse, Kultur, Forskning og Kirke, Grønlands Selvstyre Uddrag, herunder figurer, tabeller og citater, er tilladt med tydelig kildeangivelse. Skrifter, der omtaler, anmelder, citerer eller henviser til denne publikation, bedes venligst tilsendt. Skriftserien INUSSUK udgives af Departementet for Uddannelse, Kultur, Forskning og Kirke, Grønlands Selvstyre. Formålet med denne skriftserie er at formidle resultater fra forskning i Arktis, såvel til den grønlandske befolkning som til forskningsmiljøer i Grønland og det øvrige Norden. Skriftserien ønsker at bidrage til en styrkelse af det arktiske samarbejde, især inden for humanistisk, samfundsvidenskabelig og sundhedsvidenskabelig forskning. Redaktionen modtager gerne forslag til publikationer. Redaktion Forskningskoordinator Najâraq Paniula Departementet for Uddannelse, Kultur, Forskning og Kirke Grønlands Selvstyre Postboks 1029, 3900 Nuuk, Grønland Telefon: +299 34 50 00 E-mail: [email protected] Publikationer i INUSSUK serien kan rekvireres ved henvendelse til Forlaget Atuagkat ApS Postboks 216 3900 Nuuk, Grønland Email: [email protected] Hjemmeside: www.atuagkat.gl Bilag 6 til Fra passiv iagttager til aktiv deltager Indledning Både selve PhD afhandlingen og værket her bygger på syv artikler, som jeg har skrevet. De syv artikler er publiceret i forskellige sammenhænge. Jeg har indhentet tilladelse til at gøre artiklerne tilgængelige her. De syv artikler er kun blevet gjort elektronisk tilgængelige i form af dette her Bilag 6 til "Fra passiv iagttager til aktiv deltager. Bidrag til kortlægning af mekanismerne bag de seneste 150 års samfundsmæssige forandringer og gradvist øgede demokratisering i Grønland". Bilag 6 kan hentes på hjemmesiden for Departementet for Uddannelse, Kultur Forskning og Kirke. De syv artikler, som det drejer sig om, er følgende: Artikel 1 – Hansen (1996) ......................................................................... 3 "Kayak dizziness. Historical Reflections about a Greenlandic Predicament", i FOLK; Journal of the Danish Ethnographic Society, vol 37, 1996. pp 51-74. Artikel 2 – Hansen (2003) ......................................................................... 29 "IT-sektoren i et magtperspektiv" i Gorm Winther (redaktør), Demokrati og magt i Grønland, Magtudredningen. Århus 2003. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. pp 162-194. Artikel 3 – Hansen (2007) ......................................................................... 63 "Man ser dem aldrig med hug eller haarde ord at straffe deres børn – en analyse af forskelle mellem vestlig og eskimoisk opfattelse af den personlige integritets krænkelighed", i Tidsskriftet Grønland, nr 4, 2007. pp 162-177. Artikel 4 – Hansen, Sørensen and Jeppson (2009) .................................... 81 "Decision processes, communication and democracy; The aluminium smelter project in Greenland", i Janne Hukkinen, Klaus Georg Hansen et al., Knowledge-based tools for sustainable governance of energy and climate adaptation in the Nordic periphery. Nordic Research Programme 2005-2008, Nordregio Report, 7, 2009. Stockholm 2009. pp 57-84. Artikel 5 – Hansen and Rasmussen (2013) ................................................ 113 "New Economic Activities and Urbanisation: Individual reasons for moving and for staying – Case Greenland", i Klaus Georg Hansen, Rasmus Ole Rasmussen and Ryan Weber (editors), Proceedings from the First International Conference on Urbanisation in the Arctic. Conference 28-30 August 2012. Ilimmarfik, Nuuk, Greenland. Nordregio Working Paper, 7, 2013. Stockholm 2013. pp 157-182. 1 Bilag 6 til Fra passiv iagttager til aktiv deltager Artikel 6 – Hansen (2013a) ........................................................................ 141 "The aluminium smelter project in Greenland – New aspects of an industrialisation process?", i Klaus Georg Hansen, Søren Bitsch and Lyudmila Zalkind (editors), Urbanization and the role of housing in the present development process in the Arctic. Nordregio Report, 3, 2013. Stockholm 2013. pp 85-101. Artikel 7 – Hansen (2014a) ........................................................................ 161 "Greenlandic perspectives on offshore oil and gas activities – An illustration of changes in the legitimacy related to the democratic decision processes", i Journal of Rural and Community Development, 9:1, 2014. pp 134-154. 2 Bilag 6 til Fra passiv iagttager til aktiv deltager Artikel 1 Kayak dizziness. Historical Reflections about a Greenlandic Predicament Hansen (1996). I FOLK; Journal of the Danish Ethnographic Society. Vol 37, 1996. pp 51-74. 3 Bilag 6 til Fra passiv iagttager til aktiv deltager 4 Kayak Dizziness Historical Reflections about a Greenlandic Predicament Klaus Georg Hansen The Greenlandic word for kayak dizziness is "nangiarneq." In the middle of the 19th century kayak dizziness was invented as a disease by the Danish co­ lonial authorities. Western medicine has, over the past 150 years, described this disease in varying terms. Though the Western narration have influenced the modern native Greenlandic accounts of the disease, a popular Greenlan­ dic description still exists. The two descriptions, the Western and the Green­ landic are incompatible. It is necessary to understand this if the native Greenlander:~ sufferingfrom this disease today are to be treated successfully. Some years ago I was conducting fieldwork in a village in Western Greenland. I noticed that one of the men, that I had been in contact with some years earli­ er, was now so afraid of sailing that he had completely stopped as an active fisherman and hunter. I was told by the others that the he suffered from nan­ giarneq (kayak dizziness in English). I was very surprised by this. I had read about kayak dizziness, but as many other people I thought that it had disap­ peared, now that they no longer used the kayak for hunting. Since I came back from my fieldwork, I have gathered material about this disease, which is invalidating to Greenlanders, as doctors in Greenland pres­ ently have no cure. In this article I will outline, how the disease has been described by both Eu­ ropeans and Greenlanders.! There are both Western medical descriptions and Greenlandic popular accounts of the disease. Firstly, I will go through the changes, which have happened within Western medical characterizations, then I will sketch a popular Greenlandic understanding of the disease. Lastly, I will 52 FOLK 37· 1995 Figur I. Tupilak sknemmer kajakmand til d¢de. Tegning af Gerteraq, Gert Lyberth (1867-1929). (© Gr¢nlands Nationalmuseum & Arkiv). look at the influence that Western medical explanation has had on the develop­ ment of the Greenlandic popular description of kayak dizziness. Kayak Dizziness Described as Intoxication There have been three different phases in the history of Western medical de­ scription of kayak dizziness. Its genesis can be found some 130 years ago. This first period has to be seen in respect to the Danish colonial administration which in 1838 initiated a health care program for Greenlanders.2 In 1864 the first collective medical portrayal of diseases in Greenland was published. The work titled "Notes about Greenlandic Illnesses" written by Dr. Carl Lange after his investigative travel in 1863. This was the first time kayak dizziness was represented as a medical problem. Lange wrote: We should dedicate some space to the nervous diseases. It seems as though, as is normally the case with savage people, including the Greenlander, that they have a minor role, but neverthe­ less this seems to be increasing. Therefore, headache, buzzing in the ears, palpitation and trembling hands just as "dizziness in kayak" is becoming more frequent. (Lange 1864: 53) In the same period American doctor Georg M. Beard, became known for his argument that nervous diseases was a symptom of modernity (Pontoppidan 1886: 33lff; Bertelsen 1905: 325). The Greenlanders' path towards civiliza­ tion therefore lead to an increased number of nervous diseases. Of the reason for the nervous "dizziness in kayak" Lange wrote: KLAUS GEORG HANSEN Kayak Dizziness 53 It does not seem unreasonable, that coffee has some of blame. When a population for extend­ ed periods consume on average 4-5 lots [2-300 gram] coffee per person daily, it does not seem unexplainable that palpitation, dizziness, and similar symptoms are found frequently among them. (Lange 1864: 54 (my addition». The understanding that the nervous systems disease kayak dizziness was an intoxication caused by civilization, has been put forward by several doctors, who wrote about the disease at the turn of century (Hagen 1866: 55; Hastrup 1886: 783-4).3 In 1882, Dr. Lambert Christian von Haven wrote that ... the strong Dutch tobacco could be the reason why so many cases of the dizziness, which robs many Greenlanders of the ability to get into a kayak occurs. (Haven 1882: 190). Along with