Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1988 Social Organization, Reproductive Behavior, and Zoogeography of Some Indo-Pacific aH wkfishes (Cirrhitidae). Terry John Donaldson Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Donaldson, Terry John, "Social Organization, Reproductive Behavior, and Zoogeography of Some Indo-Pacific aH wkfishes (Cirrhitidae)." (1988). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 4633. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4633 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 89X7812 Social organization, reproductive behavior, and zoogeography of some Indo-Pacific hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae) Donaldson, Terry John, Ph.D. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col,, 1988 UMI 300N. ZeebRd. Ann Aibor, MI 48106 Social organization, reproductive behavior, and zoogeography of some Indo-Facific hawkfishes (Ci rrhi tidae) A dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Zoology and Physiology by Terry John Donalds on U.S., Michigan State University, 1977 M.S., The University of Guam, 1981 December, 1988 PREFACE The text of this dissertation consists of five manuscripts, three of which have been published. ’’Distribution and species richness patterns of Indo-West Pacific Cirrhitidae: support for Woodland's hypothesis" first appeared in 1986 in the book Indo-Pacific Fish Biology, edited by Uyeno et al. "Courtship and spawning behavior of the hawkfish Cirrhitichthys falco at Miyake-jima, Japan" was published in the Japanese Journal of Ichthyology in 1986. "Social organization and reproductive behavior of the hawkfish Cirrhitichthys falco (Cirrhitidae)" was published in the Bulletin of Marine Science and appeared in 1987. The remaining chapters have been submitted for publication and appear here in the style of the journals to which they were submitted: "Reproductive behavior and social organization of some Pacific hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae)" (Japanese Journal of Ichthyology); "Facultative monogamy in obligate coral-dwelling hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae)" (Environmental Biology of Fishes). These studies benefitted greatly from the assistance of many people. I am especially grateful to J. M. Fitzsimons, J. T. Moyer and J. E. Randall for guidance and help in ways too numerous to mention. P. L. Colin, 11 R. F. Myers, J. P. O'Neill, R. E. Thresher, the members of my advisory committee, J, M. Fitzsimons, C. F. Bryan, J. V. Remsen, M. S . Hafner, R. W. Hastings and C. Wilson, and the staff and students of the Section of Ichthyology and the Museum of Natural Science, are also thanked for their time and consideration. The following institutions are thanked for the use of their facilities or collections: Antenne du Museum et des Hautes Etudes (Moorea), Australian Museum, B. P. Bishop Museum, California Academy of Sciences, CSIRO Marine Laboratories (Hobart), Lizard Island Research Station, Motupore Island Research Station, Tatsuo Tanaka Memorial Biological Station, Tokyo University Museum, University of Guam Marine Laboratory, University of the South Pacific, University of Washington School of Fisheries, and the Western Australian Museum. The Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources of the Government of Guam, the Division of Fish and Wildlife of the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, and the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Australia, granted necessary, collecting permits. This study was funded by generous awards from the Coypu Foundation, the Japan Airlines 50th 747 Asian Studies Scholarship, the Museum of Natural Science and the Department of Zoology and Physiology of Louisiana iii State University, and M. C. and S. Wilkins, to whom I am extremely grateful. Finally, I thank my wife, Grace Constantino Donaldson, for help, encouragement and understanding. Table of Contents Page Preface ............................... 11 List of T a b l e s ........................................... vl List of F i g u r e s ........................................... x A b s t r a c t .................................................... xvlil Introduction ............... ...... 1 Distribution and species richness patterns of Indo-West Pacific Cirrhitidae: support for Woodland's hypothesis (published) ................... 7 Courtship and spawning of the hawkfish Cirrhitichthys falco at MIyake-jima, Japan (published) ................. 15 Social organization and reproductive behavior of the hawkfish Cirrhitichthys falco (Cirrhitidae) (published) ........................ 22 Reproductive behavior and social organization of some Pacific hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae) ................. 30 Facultative monogamy in obligate coral-dwelling hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae) .......... ......... 110 Summary and Conclusions ................................... 137 Bibliography ................................................ 140 V i t a ............................ 151 Approval Sheet ........... 162 v LIST OF TABLES Paper and Table Page Distribution and species richness patterns of Indo-West Pacific Cirrhitidae: support for Woodland's hypothesis 1. Hawkfish (Cirrhitidae) distribution among Indo-West Pacific Region provinces as defined by Briggs (1974) ....................... 9 2. Hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae) endemic to areas of the Indo-West Pacific Region and levels of endemism within those areas ................. 9 3. Wide-ranging species of the family Cirrhitidae of the Indo-West Pacific Region .............. 11 Courtship and spawning of the hawkfish Cirrhitichthys falco at Miyake-jima, Japan 1. Temporal patterns of courtship and spawning of the hawkfish Cirrhitichthys falco at Miyake-jima, Japan ...................... 15 vi Social organization and reproductive behavior of the hawkfish Cirrhitichthys falco (Cirrhitidae) 1. Locality data of Cirrhitichthys falco social groups in this study ................... 2. Mean (range; N) onset of courtship in minutes past sunset for social groups of Cirrhitichthys falco at Tanguisson Reef, Guam. (Data are pooled from social groups of two different sizes and compositions) .... 3. Mean duration (+/- SD; N) of courtship leading to spawning in seconds for social groups of Cirrhitichthys falco at Tanguisson Reef, Guam. (Data are pooled from social groups of two different sizes and compositions) .... 4. Mean time (range; N) of spawning in minutes past sunset for social groups of Cirrhitichthys falco at Tanguisson Reef, Guam. (Data are pooled from social groups of two different sizes and compositions) .... 5. Courtship success in social groups of Cirrhitichthys falco at Tanguisson Reef, Guam. (Data are pooled from social groups of two different sizes and compositions) .... Reproductive behavior and social organization of some Pacific hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae) 1. Courtship and spawning motor patterns of Pacific Cirrhitidae. References: 1) Thresher (1984); 2) Donaldson (1986a); 3) Donaldson (1987); 4) Donaldson and Colin (in press); 5) this paper .............. 2. Courtship and spawning motor patterns observed in ten species of Pacific hawkfishes. Species abbreviations: CA- Cirrhitichthys aprlnus ; CF- C. falco; CO- C. oxycephalus; PF- Paracirrhites forsteri; PA- P. arcatus; PHP- P. hemistictus "polystictus"; CP- Cirrhitus pinnulatus; 0T- Oxycirrhites typus ; NA- Neocirrhites armatus; AB- Amblycirrhitus