Secwépemc LANDS AND RESOURCES LAW RESEARCH PROJECT B Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Analysis Project Acknowledgements We sincerely thank and acknowledge the members of the Secwépemc Nation and the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council who supported this work by sharing their stories, knowledge and experience with us in the summer of 2015 and spring of 2016. Shuswap Nation Tribal Council Team Community Liaisons and Coordinators: Bonnie Leonard, Tribal Director Kelly Mortimer, Aboriginal Rights and Title Director Secwépemctsín Language Editor: Dr. Marianne Ignace, Simon Fraser University Indigenous Law Research Unit Team ILRU Director: Dr. Val Napoleon Research Coordinators: Jessica Asch, Dr. Hadley Friedland Research Team: Jessica Asch, Kirsty Broadhead, Georgia Lloyd-Smith, Adrienne Macmillan,Simon Owen Authors: Jessica Asch, Kirsty Broadhead (Glossary), Georgia Lloyd-Smith, Simon Owen Editors: Jessica Asch, Simon Owen Project Coordinators: Sally Hunter, Renee McBeth Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Analysis i ii Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Analysis Table of Contents PROJECT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........................................................................................................iii ANALYS I S INTRODUCTION TO THE ILRU-SNTC COLLABORATION ........................................................................1 A NOTE ON FORMATTING CONVENTIONS AND SPELLING OF SECWÉPEMCTSÍN ....................................................................................................2 ILRU ACTIVITIES ........................................................................................................................................3 Phase 1: Developing Research Questions and Initial Research .....................................................3 Phase 2: Initial Community Interviews ...........................................................................................4 Phase 3: Preliminary Analysis ........................................................................................................5 Phase 4: Follow-up Community Interviews ....................................................................................5 Phase 5: Integrated Analysis ...........................................................................................................5 Phase 6: Framework Revision ........................................................................................................6 Phase 7: Reworking and Editing Analysis, Casebook and Glossary ...............................................6 Phase 8: Community Validation and Consultation ..........................................................................6 INTRODUCTION TO THE LANDS AND RESOURCES FRAMEWORK .....................................................7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TO THE ANALYSIS..............................................................................................9 ANALYSIS: SECWÉPEMC LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCE LAW ....................................................12 1. General Underlying Principles ...................................................................................................12 2. Legal Processes ........................................................................................................................18 a. Territorial Protocols and Practices ......................................................................................18 b. Harvesting Protocols and Practices ...................................................................................21 c. Procedural Steps for Making and Maintaining Agreements or Resolving Conflicts ...........26 d. Authoritative Decision-Makers ............................................................................................34 3. Relationships, Responsibilities and Rights ................................................................................38 a. Land ....................................................................................................................................38 b. Other Territorial Groups ......................................................................................................48 c. Community ..........................................................................................................................58 4. Consequences, Enforcement and Teaching ..............................................................................70 a. Consequences ...................................................................................................................70 b. Enforcement ......................................................................................................................74 c. Teaching .............................................................................................................................77 Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Analysis iii STORIES AND CASE BRIEFS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................85 THEMATIC INDEX TO CASE BRIEFS .......................................................................................................86 Theme: Harvesting resources and hunting ....................................................................................86 Theme: Accessing or visiting land .................................................................................................86 Theme: Addressing environmental dangers ..................................................................................86 Theme: Addressing distribution of knowledge and resources .......................................................87 Theme: Protecting the vulnerable ..................................................................................................87 Theme: Caring for resources .........................................................................................................88 Theme: Legal processes and governance .....................................................................................88 Theme: Misuse of land or wasting resources ................................................................................88 Theme: Individual responsibility ....................................................................................................88 Theme: Learning about or from the land .......................................................................................89 Theme: Peacemaking and interactions with other groups .............................................................89 The Bush-Tailed Rat ......................................................................................................................90 Case Brief: The Bush-Tailed Rat ............................................................................................91 The Fishes and the Cannibal .........................................................................................................92 Case Brief: The Fishes and the Cannibal ...............................................................................93 The War with the Sky People .........................................................................................................96 Case Brief: The War with the Sky People ...............................................................................97 Coyote and His Son or The Story of Kall’allst ..............................................................................100 Case Brief: Coyote and his Son or The Story of Kall̓allst .....................................................101 Coyote and Wolf ..........................................................................................................................104 Case Brief: Coyote and Wolf .................................................................................................105 Old-One and the Sweat-House ...................................................................................................108 Case Brief: The Old One and the Sweat-House ...................................................................109 Story of Hu’pken .......................................................................................................................... 110 Case Brief: Story of Hu'pken ..................................................................................................111 Coyote and Fox and the Big Wind ............................................................................................... 114 Case Brief: Coyote and Fox and the Big Wind ..................................................................... 115 Coyote and Fox ........................................................................................................................... 118 Case Brief: Coyote and Fox .................................................................................................. 119 Story of Coyote and the Swans ...................................................................................................120 Case Brief: Coyote and the Swans .......................................................................................121 TlEĒ’sa and his Brothers .............................................................................................................122 Case Brief: TlEē’sa and his Brothers .....................................................................................126 Story of the Salmon-Boy .............................................................................................................130