Technology Characterisation for Natural Organic Materials Input data for Western European MARKAL M.P. Hekkert E. Worrell 98002 Technology Characterisation for Natural Organic Materials Input data for Western European MARKAL M.P. Hekkert E. Worrell Department of Science, Technology & Society Utrecht University Padualaan 14 NL-3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands This work was funded by the National Research Program on Global Air Pollution and Climate Change Report No. 98002 ISBN 90-73950-40-7 March 1997 2 Contents CONTENTS...................................................................................................................................................3 1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................5 2. SYSTEM BOUNDARIES AND METHODOLOGY .............................................................................7 3 PRODUCTION OF WOOD PRODUCTS.............................................................................................11 3.1 THE PRODUCTION OF SAWNWOOD.......................................................................................................11 The sawmilling industry ......................................................................................................................11 Energy consumption of sawmills .........................................................................................................12 3.2 THE PLATO PROCESS.........................................................................................................................15 3.2 THE PRODUCTION OF PARTICLEBOARD................................................................................................16 The particle board industry .................................................................................................................16 Energy consumption in the particle board industry ............................................................................17 Costs of particle board production......................................................................................................18 3.3 THE PRODUCTION OF PLYWOOD. .........................................................................................................19 The plywood industry ..........................................................................................................................19 Energy consumption in the plywood industry......................................................................................20 Cost of plywood production.................................................................................................................20 3.4 THE PRODUCTION OF OSB ..................................................................................................................21 The OSB producing industry ...............................................................................................................21 Energy consumption in OSB production industry ...............................................................................22 Costs of OSB production .....................................................................................................................22 3.5 THE PRODUCTION OF GLULAM ............................................................................................................23 Energy consumption in the Glulam industry .......................................................................................24 Costs of glulam production .................................................................................................................24 3.6 IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF WOOD PRODUCTS..................................................25 4 PRODUCTION OF WOOD PULP FOR PAPER PRODUCTION.....................................................29 Pulping processes................................................................................................................................29 Resources for pulp production ............................................................................................................30 4.1 KRAFT PULPING..................................................................................................................................31 Energy efficiency measures in a kraft pulp mill. .................................................................................31 Energy data for Kraft pulping .............................................................................................................33 Investment data and other costs of Kraft pulping mill.........................................................................33 4.2 MECHANICAL PULPING........................................................................................................................36 Energy and cost data for mechanical pulping.....................................................................................37 4.4 BIOPULPING AND OTHER ENZYME RELATED PROCESSES IN PULPING ...................................................40 Biopulping ...........................................................................................................................................41 4.5 PRODUCTION OF PULP FROM NONWOOD FIBERS ..................................................................................43 4.6 PULPING OF WASTE PAPER...................................................................................................................46 Energy use and costs of waste paper upgrading ................................................................................49 5 PRODUCTION OF PAPER....................................................................................................................53 5.1 PAPER PRODUCTS IN EUROPE ..............................................................................................................53 5.2 PAPER MAKING, GENERAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION...............................................................................54 5.3 PRODUCTION OF NEWSPRINT ...............................................................................................................54 Energy and costs data for newsprint production................................................................................. 55 Costs of newsprint production.............................................................................................................55 5.4 THE PRODUCTION OF WRITING AND PRINTING PAPER ..........................................................................57 5.5 PRODUCTION OF PACKAGING PAPER....................................................................................................60 5.6 THE PRODUCTION OF SANITARY PAPER ...............................................................................................63 3 5.7 THE PRODUCTION OF OTHER PAPER.....................................................................................................65 6 NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN PAPER MAKING..................................................................................67 6.1 PENETRATION OF THE NEW TECHNIQUES.............................................................................................67 6.2 CONDEBELT DRYING ...........................................................................................................................68 6.3 IMPULSE DRYING.................................................................................................................................68 6.5 AIR IMPINGEMENT DRYING .................................................................................................................69 6.5 STEAM IMPINGEMENT DRYING ............................................................................................................70 7. PRODUCTION OF OTHER NATURAL ORGANIC MATERIALS................................................73 7.1 COMPOST ............................................................................................................................................73 7.2 BIOPOLYMERS.....................................................................................................................................74 Costs of biopolymer production ..........................................................................................................75 Energy use during production .............................................................................................................75 7.3 NATURAL RUBBER ..............................................................................................................................76 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................79 4 1. Introduction Today most energy scenario models only take energy efficiency measures and changes in energy resources into account. However, a large part of the energy consumption is associated with the production of materials. The MATTER-study aims to optimize both the energy and the material flows in Europe in one model. The MARKAL model, a linear optimization model, is used for this purpose. Different Dutch institutes are involved in the project (Bureau B&G, Universities of Groningen and Utrecht and the Free University of Amsterdam. The project is coordinated by the Netherlands Energy Research Foundation ECN. The material flow modeling is divided in the material groups: plastics, natural organic materials,