12th International Symposium on Disaster Risk Management: Reconstruction Toward Resilient Cities (ISDRM 2018) Contents 5 - 8 September, 2018 Lima Convention Center, Lima, Peru Disaster risk reduction for natural hazard MT5. Capacity building for resilience in Reconstruction Earthquake history of Japan and lessons learned Reconstruction Towards Resilient Society: Research programs for earthquake risk reduction in Japan Japanese Experiences Peru-Japan SATREPS project Capacity building towards Build Back Better September 6, 2018 Fumio YAMAZAKI Professor, Ph.D., Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Japan. Doctor Honoris Causa, National University of Engineering, Peru. 1 2 Estimated economic loss due to disasters in the world in 1975-2014. Mechanism behind the emergence of natural disasters (The values were converted to those in 2014.) Hazard Exposure Earthquakes, People, Property Floods, storms 2011 Thailand Disaster 2005 Hurricane Flood 1995 Kobe EQ Katrina Risk 2011 Tohoku EQ Vulnerability Susceptibility to natural hazards Disaster Risk Estimated Damage (US$ billion) Damage Estimated = Function (Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability) Year 2008Wenchuan 3 Hand Book of Total Disaster Risk Management-Good Practices, ADRC, Japan, 2005 4 http://www.emdat.be/disaster_trends/index.html EQ Mechanism toward natural disaster reduction Disaster Cycle and Disaster Management Early Warning Basically unchanged Hazard Exposure but “climate change” Relocation of people & property Preparedness Response Disaster makes hazard bigger. from hazards Business Continuity Plan Search & Rescue But the growth of population Foods & Water Storage Medical care Emergency Drill Disaster Information System Damage Assessment with GIS and Remote Sensing Remote Sensing Disaster Risk Vulnerability Recovery and Mitigation Reduce physical and social vulnerability. Reconstruction This is the only feasible approach. Hazard Map Retrofit of Structures Temporary Housing Seismic Proof Design Mental care Land-use Planning Hand Book of Total Disaster Risk Management-Good Practices, ADRC, Japan, 2005 5 6 Recovery, Reconstruction, and BBB Aerial video by NHK after the 1995 Kobe Earthquake Fukkyu 復旧 = Recovery : Get back to the former condition Saiken 再建 = Reconstruction : Build back Fukko 復興 = Build Back Better * : The use of the recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction phases after a disaster to increase the resilience of nations and communities through integrating disaster risk reduction measures into the restoration of physical infrastructure and societal systems, and into the revitalization of livelihoods, economies and the environment. 7 * United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), Feb. 2017 8 Contents Disaster risk reduction for natural hazard Earthquake history of Japan and lessons learned Research programs for earthquake risk reduction in Japan Peru-Japan SATREPS project Capacity building towards Build Back Better 10 The source region of the destructive earthquakes in Japan The 1891 Mino-Owari Earthquake (M=8.0) 1891年濃尾地震 North-American (1885-2016, depth < 100 km) plate Deaths 7,273 1993 off-SW 1891 Hokkaido EQ 1891 Mino- Owari EQ 2011.3.11 Dv= 6m Neodani Fault Museum Tohoku EQ 1995 Kobe EQ 2006 Dh= 4m for citizen’s awareness raising Kumamoto city Mt.Aso 1923 Kanto EQ 2016 Kumamoto EQ Central Kyushu and active faults Reprint version published 1992 http://www.hp1039.jishin.go.jp/eqchr/eqchrfrm.htm 11 http://research.kahaku.go.jp/rikou/namazu/04nobi/noubi.html 12 The 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake (M=7.9) 1923年関東大地震 The 1948 Fukui Earthquake (Mw=7.0) 1948年福井地震 Death 5,268 by GHQ Ginza East Tokyo Building Standard Law was issued and JMA intensity 7* was introduced after the Fukui EQ. (* equal to Modified Mercalli intensity X-XII) Nebukawa Deaths over 105,000, mostly due to fire Researches on the Kanto EQ are still continuing Sakawagawa Br. using various old documents. http://research.kahaku.go.jp/rikou/namazu/index.html 13 http://toshichan.be.fukui-nct.ac.jp/yoshida/works/earthquake/dplf1/NewFiles/outline1!.html 14 The 1964 Niigata Earthquake (Mw=7.6) 1964年新潟地震 The 1978 Miyagiken-Oki Earthquake (Mw=7.5) 1978年宮城県沖地震 Liquefaction countermeasures started to Building Standard Law was upgraded be introduced after the Niigata EQ. after the Miyagiken-Oki EQ. Collapse of buildings Column failure Seismic record at the 9F Soil Liquefaction induced damage of Tohoku Univ. After A. Shibata Tsunami attacked Niigata City Collapse of concrete-brick wall Sloshing caused oil tank fire 15 Lifeline Interruption 16 The 1995 Kobe Earthquake (Mw=6.9) The 1995 Kobe Earthquake (Mw=6.9) 1995年兵庫県南部地震 January 17, 1995 Elevated Highway Fire JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency) Kobe Kobe NHK TV Station JMA Kobe-NS ) 2 2 500 Acceleration (cm/s ) 0 -500 2 Acc (cm/s Acc Max=818.05 cm/s 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 100 Max=91.51 cm/s Velocity (cm/s) 0 -100Vel (cm/s) 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Wooden Houses RC Buildings 20 Max=18.79 cm 0 Dis (cm) Dis Displacement (cm) -20 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Time (s) The number of seismometers was not enough to estimate hard-hit areas. Telecommunication systems were disrupted in the disaster. 17 18 Promotion of seismic strengthening of structures after the Kobe EQ Memorial sites and museums of the 1995 Kobe EQ Nojima Fault Preservation Disaster Reduction and Human Bracing of Metro Steel jacketing of RC piers Kobe Port Memorial site Museum in Awaji Island Renovation Institution, Kobe station tunnel of highway bridges 2010 Strengthening of school buildings 1995 Bracing Rubber isolator Base isolation after the 1994 Northridge EQ at LA City Hall, USA 19 20 Revision of building’s seismic code in Japan Contents Building Modification Old code New seismic code Modification Standard Law of the old code of the new code Disaster risk reduction for natural hazard 1970 1971 1981 1980 2010 Earthquake history of Japan and lessons learned 1950 1960 1990 2000 Fukui EQ Tokachi-Oki Miyagiken-Oki Kobe EQ (1995) Research programs for earthquake risk reduction in Japan (1948) EQ (1968) EQ (1978) Niigata-Chuetsu -Oki EQ (2007) Peru-Japan SATREPS project 100% Tohoku EQ 90% (2011) 80% Others Capacity building towards Build Back Better 70% Moderate Severe Kumamoto EQ 60% (2016) 50% 40% 30% Damage ratio of RC buildings in Nada Damage Ratio Damage 20% Ward due to the 1995 Kobe EQ 10% classified by construction period 0% -1951 1952-61 1962-71 1972-81 1982-94 (Murao & Yamazaki, 2000) 21 22 Seismic monitoring in Japan after the 1995 Kobe EQ Distribution of PGA & PGV and Animation of PGA propagation At the time of the Kobe EQ, JMA seismic stations were only about 100. 2016/04/16 01:25 Mw7.0 Kumamoto EQ For determine magnitudes For intensity broadcast & hypocenters & damage estimation Total 4,200 as of 2009 ●JMA, ■Universities, ●JMA, ■Local Gov., ▲NIED Hi-Net: 800, ◆Others ▲NIED K-NET: 1,000 23 http://www.seisvol.kishou.go.jp/eq/intens_st/index.html http://www.kyoshin.bosai.go.jp/kyoshin/topics/html20160416012405/main_20160416012405.html 24 Seismic Early Warning System (SEWS) to Stop Trains Seismic monitoring for city-gas network control SUPREME: Super-dense Realtime Monitoring of Earthquakes JR East Tokyo Gas Co. with 10 million customers 4,000 seismometers in Tokyo Metropolitan area Near Real-time SHAKE Map by SUPREME 2011Tohoku EQ 25 26 Deployment of GNSS/ GPS network (GEONET) 3-D Full-Scale Earthquake Testing Facility: Real-time fault estimation by RAPiD E-Defense with 1,300 stations covering entire Japan (Ohta et al. (2012), after S. Koshimura) In operation since 2005 in Miki city, Hyogo Prefecture STA=0: Estimation complete 27 28 http://www.bosai.go.jp/hyogo/ehyogo/index.html E-Defense Full-Scale Test Videos Long-period seismic ground motion 長周期地震動 Full-Scale 6-story RC Building Traditional Wooden Houses 2011 Tohoku EQ in Shinjyuku, Tokyo 400 km away from the epicenter September 26, 2003 Tokachi-Oki EQ, M 8.0 Due to oil sloshing caused by Following Old Japanese Seismic Code Left: Retrofitted Right: Non retrofitted the long-period motion, fires JMA Kobe 100% 1995 JR Takatori 100% broke out in a tank yard. 新宿センタービル(54F)から見た Videos and tests data are available internationally. 新宿野村ビル(50F,左)と損保ジャパン本社ビル(43F,右） 29 30 http://www.bosai.go.jp/hyogo/ehyogo/index.html Seismic record of 55-storied building in Osaka in the 2011 Tohoku EQ 55-storied building in Osaka 740 km away from the epicenter Contents Acceleration 52F Max=126.1cm/s² Disaster risk reduction for natural hazard 38F Max=85.8cm/s² Earthquake history of Japan and lessons learned 18F Max=41.3cm/s² 1F Max=34.3cm/s² Research programs for earthquake risk reduction in Japan Peru-Japan SATREPS project 1995年竣工。地下3階・地上55階 高さ256mの超高層ビル Displacement Capacity building towards Build Back Better Oil dampers were introduced after the 2011 EQ. 31 32 Science and Technology Research Partnership Needs in Peru CISMID/UNI for Sustainable Development : SATREPS •Sustainable Development IGP, DHN, INDECI, •Reduction of Losses from EQ •Survey of past events 1) Environment and Energy SENCICO, Ricardo •Seismic & MT observation •Regional Characteristics 2) Bioresources Palma U, CONIDA, PCM •Structural tests and surveys JST: Japan Science and Technology Agency 3) Natural Disaster Prevention •Implementation Technology MINSA •Assessment, Planning JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency 4) Infectious Diseases Control Peruvian Research Team SATREPS project (2010-2015) Enhancement of Earthquake and Tsunami MEXT, JST Collaboration MOFA, JICA Disaster Mitigation Technology in Peru G5: Chiba Univ. Japanese Project