ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en ,IDF5AC@97I@5FGHI8=9G CBH<9 69<5J=CIF C:8=::9F9BH7<=F5@ 7M7@C5@?5B9 65G987CADCIB8G5G F979DHCFG ;9@5HCFG5B8GIF:57H5BHG 9FB5H)= =C@985 -9G=C7HCF5@ GHI8= 89C7HCF5H9B*IVA=75 ,ID9FJ=G986M )FC: /=79BSF5B7<589@@ 5@@C )FC: +CG5&ª (FHIYC&=B;5FFC 9D5FH5A9BH89*IVA=75 57I@H5H89=TB7=9G -BJzOF>MOBPBKQ>A> MBO>PMFO>O>IDO>RAB$L@QLOMBO 9FB5H)= = C@985 4EFPQEBPFPFPMOBPBKQBACLODO>AR>QFLK>P$L@QLO?V 9FB5H)= = C@985 6FPQFMI>R 2B>A>KA>MMOLSBA 0OLC 6F@BKq"O>K@E>ABII'>IIL 0OLC 2LP>-X/OQRxL-FKD>OOL "BII>QBOO> ABPBQBJ?OBAB "BII>QBOO> QE LC 3BMQBJ?BO 6GHF57H )K QEFP QEBPFP CLRO AFCCBOBKQ PRMO>JLIB@RI>O PVPQBJP TBOB PQRAFBA >P OB@BMQLOP DBI>QLOP LO PROC>@Q>KQP 4EB FKCIRBK@B LC AFCCBOBKQ PQOR@QRO>I C>@QLOP LC QEB PFKDIB JLIB@RIB LK QEB CFK>I PRMO>JLIB@RI>O MOLMBOQFBP T>P >K>IVPBA $FCCBOBKQ PQO>QBDFBP TBOB RPBA QL MOBM>OB QEB PQRAFBA @LJMLRKAP 4EB @LJ?FK>QFLK LC AFCCBOBKQ QB@EKFNRBP IB>AP RP QL?BQQBO RKABOPQ>KA QEBPB PVPQBJP L?Q>FKFKD PVKBODFPQF@ OBPRIQP 2BPRIQP LC QEFP QEBPFP >OB AFSFABA FK CLRO @E>MQBOP $FCCBOBKQ QOFMLA>I >KFLK OB@BMQLOP TBOB PVKQEBPFPBA >KA QEBFO @LJMIBU>QFLK TFQE AFCCBOBKQ >KFLKP TBOB PQRAFBA 5PFKD .-2 @LJMIBU>QFLK 'F??P BKBODFBP TBOB @>I@RI>QBA >KA QEB ?FKAFKD >CCFKFQV TBOB PQRAFBA 5PFKD QEBLOBQF@>I @>I@RI>QFLKP QEB PQOR@QROB LC QEB @LJMIBUBP TBOB MOBAF@QBA !IPL QEBOJLAVK>JF@P LC QEB ELPQ DRBPQ PVPQBJ TBOB @>I@RI>QBA >KA QEBLOBQF@>I @>I@RI>QFLKP IB>A RP QL O>QFLK>IFPB QEB BUMBOFJBKQ>I OBPRIQP 4EOBB AFCCBOBKQ C>JFIFBP LC @V@IL>IH>KB AF>JFAB ?>PBA DBI>QLOP TBOB PQRAFBA QL ABQBOJFKB QEB FKCIRBK@B LC QEB OFKD PFWB QEB PR?PQFQRQFLKP LC QEB OFKD >KA QEB PQBOBL@EBJFPQOV LK QEB CFK>I DBI>QFLK >?FIFQFBP 5PFKD QEB QR?B FKSBOPFLKQBPQ>KA O>QFLK>IFPFKD FQ TFQE AFCCBOBKQ PLIR?FIFQV M>O>JBQBOP QEB DBI>QFLK >?FIFQV T>P ABQBOJFKBA 4EFP PQRAV T>P >@@LJM>KFBA ?V EFDE OBPLIRQFLK .-2 3BIC >PPBJ?IV T>P PQRAFBA RPFKD QEBLOBQF@>I @>I@RI>QFLKP >KA @FO@RI>O AF@EOLFPJ 2BPRIQP PELT QE>Q >II LC QEB PQRAFBA DBIP >OB @EFO>I ABPMFQB PLJB LC QEB JLKLJBOP >OB 5.;7 @LJMLRKAP 4EBK RPFKD 3%- QEB JLOMELILDV LC QEB >DDOBD>QBP T>P ABQBOJFKBA &LRO AFCCBOBKQ ?LI>CLOJ >JMEFMEFIBP TBOB PVKQEBPFPBA >KA QEBFO ?BE>SFLRO >P PROC>@Q>KQP TBOB PQRAFBA QL ABQBOJFKB QEB FKCIRBK@B LC QEB PQBOBL@EBJFPQOV >KA QEB OBDFL@EBJFPQOV LK QEB CFK>I PROC>@Q>KQ ?BE>SFLRO 5PFKD QEB MBKA>KQ AOLM JBQELA QEB S>OF>QFLK LC QEB PROC>@B QBKPFLK TFQE QEB @LK@BKQO>QFLK T>P >K>IVPBA 7B ABSBILMBA > KBT JBQELA QL MOBAF@Q QEB PQOR@QROB LC QEB PBIC >PPBJ?IBA PROC>@Q>KQP >Q QEB PROC>@B #OVL4%- >KA 3!83 TBOB RPBA QL ABQBOJFKB QEB JLOMELILDV >KA PFWB LC QEB >DDOBD>QBP )K QEB I>PQ @E>MQBO CLRO M( ABMBKABKQ β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ª /OQRxL>KA 0OLC 6F@BKq"O>K@E>ABII )OB>IIVQE>KHQEBJCLODFSFKDJBQEB@E>K@BQLTLOHFKQEBFO DOLRM CLOQEBFO P@FBKQFCF@ >KA CFK>K@F>IPRMMLOQ >KA QEB@LKCFABK@BMI>@BAFKJB )TLRIAIFHBQLQE>KHQL5KFSBOPFQ>Q!RQz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t> !I?BOQ >KA LQEBOP !IPL QE>KHP QL QEB SFPFQFKD JBJ?BOP PR@E >P 9>OLPI>S 4ELJ>P>KA#EOFPQF>K -LOBLSBO QE>KHPQL /OFLI +tOF>K "LELOBP>KA!ICLKPCLO PE>OFKD QEBFOHKLTIBADBFK LRO FKQBOBPQFKDP@FBKQFCF@AFP@RPPFLKP )TLRIAQL>@HKLTIBADB QEBTLOHLC>IIQELPBTELOBJLSB ?>OOFBOPFKQEBT>VLC P@FBK@B>KABPMB@F>IIVQL>II QEB0E$PQRABKQPCOLJ>OLRKAQEBTLOIA )TLRIAIFHBQLQE>KHQEBQB@EKF@F>KPCOLJQEBAFCCBOBKQPBOSF@BPQE>QTBRPBAFKQEFP QEBPFP (2 .-2$O 0>R.LIFP 3BOSBFAB2BPPLKkK@F>->DKrQF@>ABI> 5!" 8 2>VAFCCO>@QFLK$O aKDBIaIS>OBW 3BOSBFAB$FCO>@@F{AB2>GLP8ABI> 5!" #OVL4%-$O 0>?IL#>PQOL 3BOSBFAB-F@OLP@LMF>ABI> 5!" 3!83$O 2>JLK0LKP $O *LOAF-LOOLP *LOAF#>BIIBP>KA)JJ>#>OOBO>P )1!# #3)# -B>PROBJBKQPTBOB@>OOFBALRQ FK!,"!3VK@EOLQOLK 3%- $O !KK>%PQEBO#>OOFIIL >KA $O *RAFQE/O{ 3BOSBFAB-F@OLP@LMF>%IB@QOzKF@> ABI)KPQFQRQAB#FrK@F>ABIP->QBOF>IPAB">O@BILK>)#-!" #3)# !&-$O 'GBOQORA->ROPQ>A .4.5 $,3!KK 3FPPBI4BF>IBOBQ5IPBQ .4.5 "FLILDF@>I>PP>VP$O .BOB>'>WQBIRJBKAF>KA$O #>OJB.LDRs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• ,MBH<9G=G ,9@97H=J=HM 5B8 ,HFI7HIF5@ ,HI8M C: '9K ,MAA9HF=7 -F=DC85@ A=89G 5G B=CB+979DHCFG BLD9F=A9BH5@5B8-<9CF9H=75@DDFC57< 3BODF#BIFP "BOK>Q0F "LIBA> 0>R.LIFP /K>)II> 6F@BKq"O>K@E>ABII>KA2LP>- /OQRxL 1.52;<:A$.4.,< • ,HI8=9G CB 7M7@C5@?5B9 65G98 6=G5A=89 CF;5BC;9@5HCFG G=B;I@5F 75G9 C: 7<=F5@ 5;;F9;5H9G:FCA AC@97I@9G "BOK>Q0F "LIBA> ->OQ>3>KP ->Ot>#>JMLP 0>R.LIFP /K>)II> *R>K#>OILKP%PQsSBW 6F@BKq"O>K@E>ABII >KA2LP>- /OQRxL $=+52<<.- /QEBO>OQF@IBPTFQEQEBOBPQLCQEBOBPRIQPTFII?BMR?IFPEBA>PPLLK>PMLPPF?IB -56@9C:566F9J=5H=CBG !&- !QLJF@&LO@B-F@OLP@LMV !40 !ABKLPFKB4OFMELPME>QB !42 !QQBKR>QBA4LQ>I2BCIB@Q>K@B ?M ?>PBM>FO "3! "LSFKB3BORJ!I?RJFK "33% ">PFP 3BQ3RMBOMLPFQFLK%OOLO #!# #OFQF@>I!DDOBD>QFLK#LK@BKQO>QFLK #$ #FO@RI>O$F@EOLFPJ #-# #OFQF@>I-F@BII>O#LK@BKQO>QFLK # 0#- #LKAR@QLO IFHB0LI>OFW>?IB#LKQFKRRJ-LABI #OVL4%- #OVLDBKF@4O>KPJFPPFLK%IB@QOLK-F@OLP@LMV #4!" #BQVIQOFJBQEVI>JJLKFRJ"OLJFAB $!# $LAB@VI>JJLKFRJ#EILOFAB $%! $VB%U@IRPFLK!PP>V $&0! $.>PB&LLQ 0OFKQFKD!PP>V $&4 $BKPFQV&RK@QFLK>I4EBLOV $)0%! $FFPLMOLMVIBQEVI>JFKB $,3 $VK>JF@,FDEQ3@>QQBOFKD $,6/ $BOG>DRFK ,>KA>R 6BOTBV /?BO?BBH $-!0 AFJBQEVI>JFKLMVOFAFKB $-& $FJBQEVICLOJ>JFAB $-3/ $FJBQEVIPRICLUFAB $.! $BLUVOF?LKR@IBF@>@FA A.40 $BLUVKR@IBLPFABQOFMELPME>QB AP$.! ALR?IB PQO>KABA$.! $4!" $LAB@VIQOFJBQEVI>JJLKFRJ"OLJFAB %$8 %KBODV$FPMBOPFSB8 O>V %-3! %IB@QOLMELOBQF@-L?FIFQV3EFCQ!PP>V %3) %IB@QOLPMO>V)LKFW>QFLK &$00 0BKQ>CIRLOLMEBKVI$FMEBKVIMELPMEFK>QB '!"! γ !JFKL?RQVOF@>@FA '&0 'OBBK&IRLOBP@BKQ0OLQBFK (2-3 (FDE2BPLIRQFLK->PP3MB@QOLP@LMV (2 .-2 (FDE2BPLIRQFLK.R@IB>O->DKBQF@ 2BPLK>K@B (30P (>KPBK3LIR?FIFQV0>O>JBQBOP )2 )KCO>OBA H?M HFIL?>PB M>FO , #0, ,BCQ E>KABA #FO@RI>OIV0LI>OFPBA,FDEQ ,-7' ,LT-LIB@RI>O7BFDEQ'BI>QLO ,-7/' ,LT-LIB@RI>O7BFDEQ/OD>KLDBI>QLO 50, JFKFJRJDBI>QFLK@LK@BKQO>QFLK -2) ->DKBQF@2BPLK>K@B)J>DFKD ."/ .>QRO>I"LKA/O?FQ>I .-2 .R@IB>O->DKBQF@2BPLK>K@B .4! .FQOFILQOF>@BQF@>@FA 0#2 0LIVJBO>PB#E>FK2B>@QFLK 0$) 0LIVAFPMBOPBC>@QLO