A North Atlantic Ocean Baltica Shield 60˚ Oslo Neogene-Quaternary Rift VG MFG Tornquist Zone Paleogene Rockall WCG Through 50˚ North Mesozoic Sea EURASIA Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) Paleozoic/ Precambrian basement Major Alpine Western EGU21-12348-GD1.6 normal and reverse Approaches HZ faults Basin AR RM Paleozoic and Mesozoic Bohemian Ca rp faults (with reactivation) Massif a th Bay of Biscay RG i an s Cenozoic magmatism MC Alps Pannonian N.Dobrogea Basin Pyrenees Apennines Dinarides Adriatic Sea Moesia Gulf of Lion Iberian Ranges Liguro- IBERIA provençal Basin Hellenides Tyrrhenian Betics Sea Cenozoic mountain building of WesternAlgerian Alboran Sea Basin Rif m i s Tell C r Aegean a p Meseta Mid. Atlas l n Sea Pelagian a b ri a Saharan Atlas Sea Europe controlled by continentalHigh Atlas lithosphere Ionian Sea M Anti-Atlas e diterra nnean ridge evolution Tindouf Basin AFRICA Cyrenaica Reguibat Shield Precambrian Laurentian nt B o r basement (Scotland) f don le ian a Frédéric Mouthereau & Paul Angrand Grampian arc and allochtonous LAURENTIA Caledonian front C 60°N units of Caledonian (Scandian) orogen BALTICA GET-Univ. Toulouse - France Sveconorwegian Fig. 7 Caledonian front Iapetus Variscan front with its Thor suture reconstructed position AVALONIA o"shore Alpine main faults (Alps, Variscan front Betics , Rif) ARMORICA Tornquist Rheic Moroccan Hot Line 50°N Late Variscan shear zones GSB s ne ra CAMP dykes and lava !ows er NPSZ T A N A W EVSZ D ADRIA N O -G ri e p “Moroccan Hot Line” Mouthereau et al., 2021 “Cenozoic mountain Variscan front building and topographic evolution in Western Europe: impact of billion years lithosphere evolution GONDWANA and plate tectonics” submitted 0° 10° Orogenic evolution reflects mantle convection or inherited lithosphere properties ? whole-mantle drivers frica/G 80 Ma A ondw ana M W. Europe - Mantle convection Andes - Tethyan slab penetration in Lithosphere-scale processes lower mantle Baltica −20˚ −10˚ 0˚ 10˚ 20˚ −20˚ −10˚ 0˚ 10˚ 20˚ 30° M: Morondava mantle b 60˚ a plume Baltic Archean-early SVC Africa/Gond North Proterozoic 50 Ma wan Sea EEC a - Decreasing Sea A Europe motion TESZ Europe - Opening of North TESZ Caledonides Andes Altantic GB Neo-Proterozoic 50˚ - Extension North A/RM Baltica BM of Europe Carp. Early Paleozoic Variscides AtlanticA: Afar plume MC Alps mantle I: Iceland plume Pyr Late North Paleozoic 40˚ I Atlantic Betic Africa/Gon Plate boundary 30 Ma dwa na Rif - Slab-driven Europe convection 30˚ Atlas Pan-African Andes - Extension WAC widespread Tuareg Saharan metacraton Reguibat 40 shield 2 Baltica 150 50 45 2 4 1 0 0 c A: Afar plume d 5 5 0 0 60˚ 3 4 0 200 5 2 5 0 200 3 50 5 20 I: Iceland plume0 1 100 1 1 100 0 1 20 0 0 250 250 2 mantle 5 0 0 0 0 5 2 3 01 45 150 250 0 100 North 3 4 10 5 25 5 150 1 1 Atlantic 5 200 0 200 0 I 30 5 150 3 100 0 EEC 100 TESZEEC TESZ 200 10 25 3 200 150 0 0 35 0 5 25 20 0 150 0 2 0 30 5 0 1 4 1 200 2 3 40 150 15000 5 35 50˚ 1 35 1 100 0 1 00 50 5 0 1 5 200 10 1 0 1 0 5 30 30 0 0 0 10 1 20 2 0 150 0 5 3 50 45 50 40 00 1 00 0 30 1 0 0 100 1 3 150 15 0 3 5 0 5 0 1 10 0 50 35 50 100 25 2 150 0 35 2 3 35 5 35 40 0 40 15 5 2 50 20 0 2 20 30 5 3 0 5 5 3 0 2 15 1 0 0 1 5 0 1 40˚ 2 1 5 0 150 5 100 100 1 5 50 0 0 50 0 15 20 50 30 25 25 0 200 25 30 3 200 150 10 20 25 150 50 35 25 50 10 250 1 0 0 5 5 5 0 1 0 5 0 2 3 5 30 50 0 2 3 40 20 1 0 0 0 5 0 35 2 0 5 200 0 1 3 10 0 1 40 0 0 0 30˚ 4 1 0 15 50 5 1 0 40 2 0 0 2 35 0 0 WAC WAC 100 50 15 20 0 0 60˚ e SL2013sv (Vs=4.38 km/s) - 110 km f 4 2 30 0 dVs/Vs 20 40 50 80 10 60 0 5 EEC 7 30 EEC 80 10 5060 80 70 7060 TESZ 40 5040 50˚ 20 20 10 30 30 20 10 20 20 10 0 0 % 2 10 10 40˚ 20 20 10 4 0 30˚ -5 0 40 3 WAC Eq. depth a b 60˚ (km) 200 Europe Stable Archean lithosphere (e.g. WAC) Mobile lithosphere (e.g. Variscan lithosphere 300 Ma) 100 A) 1) coupled crust and mantle B) 1) decoupled crust and mantle 2) high basal shear traction 2) weak basal shear traction Log10 viscosity Log10 viscosity 20 21 Orogenic22 23 24 evolution reflects20 21 mantle22 23 24 25 convection or 50˚ 0 salt 0 0 0 cover “thin-skinned” thrusting upper crust upper crust granite Europe granite 10 Quartzite inherited 10 QuartziteinheritedAfrica lithosphere10 properties ? 10 detachment middle crust middle crust basement 20 Te 20 20 20 Diabase “thick-skinned” thrusting Diabase granulites granulites 30 Moho10 mm/yr 30 30 gabbro 30 MOHO MOHO Geotherm- 300 Ma 40 inherited Gt-pyroxenite 40 40 Moho 40 Calc. Obs. mantle sp-lherzolite 50 50 50 Spinel 50 lherzolite 60 60 60 Olivine 60 mylonites 70 70 70 depleted 70 Depth (km) Depth mantle 80 80 Current80 stress patterns80 harzburgitesin W Europe 40˚ Te 90 Olivine 90 90 90 Lithosphere explained100 by coupled100 convection and 100 100 LAB Asthenosphere 110 110 110 Harzburgites variable0 200 400 600 lithosphere800 1000 1200 1400 properties dunites 120 120 Temperature (°C) Depth (km) Depth 130 130 graphite e.g. Ghosh et al., JGR, 2013 Geotherm 3 Ga diamond 140 140 C) Coupled lithosphere-mantle convection model 150 150 Depleted 160 Craton (WAC) e.g. Variscan lithosphere Craton (Baltica) 30˚ 160 lherzolites 170 170 180 180 24 1023 Pa-s APM AF/EU 10 Pa-s 1024 Pa-s Africa 30 mm/yr 9 mm/yr190 c 190 100 km s" 200 200 210 210 +GPE +GPE Lithosphere −20˚ −10˚ 0˚ 10˚ 20˚ 30˚ 220 Asthenosphere 220 #Vabs "Vabs 20 230 230 10 Pa-s melt- 21 21 10 Pa-s 240 240 metasomatized 10 Pa-s "Vabs> #Vabs mantle 250 250 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 LAB 250 km Temperature (°C) mantle !ow Orogenic evolution reflects mantle convection or inherited lithosphere properties ? Apparent correlation between Cenozoic upper crustal exhumation (proxy for topography) and long-term tectono-magmatic evolution How did it work in time and space ? −20˚ −10˚ 0˚ 10˚ 20˚ 30˚ −20˚ −10˚ 0˚ 10˚ 20˚ −20˚ −10˚ 0˚ 10˚ 20˚ 30° 3 a b 0 60˚ 0 60˚ a b 250 60˚ 300 250 250 Archean-early EEC 250 Baltic SVC 250 250 1 300 Proterozoic 5 250 North 1 0 EEC AVALONIA 5 Sea 0 80 150 1 5 Sea 150 0 TESZ 150 80 150 8 TESZ Caledonides TTZ 0 GB 150 50˚ 1 50˚ Neo-Proterozoic 2 A/RM 80 30 150 50˚ BM 30 Carp. 150 80 30 0 3 3 0 Early Paleozoic Variscides 150 30 30 150 Atlantic Alps 80 MC 80 30 30 150150 80 Late 80 80 Pyr 40˚ 80 30 40˚ Paleozoic 150 30 3 150 80 40˚ 30 30 0 Peri-GONDWANA 30 c 80 Betic 800 30 Plate boundary 30 min=1.4 Ma 150 80 600 80 Q1=16 Ma 0 1 150 Rif 15 50 median=58 Ma 250 80 400 Q3=160 Ma 30˚ 30˚ Count max=1027 Ma WAC 200 30˚ Atlas 150 250 Pan-African 150 Age (Ma) WAC GONDWANA n=5440 0 Tuareg Saharan metacraton Re. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Reguibat 40 shield 2 150 50 −20˚ −10˚ 0˚ 10˚ 20˚ 30˚ 45 2 Data after Herman et al., 2013 and OROGEN project 4 1 0 0 c d 5 5 0 0 60˚ 3 4 0 200 5 2 Age (Ma) 5 0 200 3 50 5 20 0 1 100 1 1 100 0 1 20 0 0 250 250 2 5 0 0 0 0 5 2 3 01 45 150 250 0 100 3 4 10 5 25 5 150 1 1 5 200 0 200 0 30 5 150 3 100 0 EEC 100 TESZEEC TESZ 200 10 25 3 200 150 0 0 35 0 5 25 20 0 150 0 2 0 30 5 0 1 4 1 200 2 3 40 150 15000 5 35 50˚ 1 35 1 100 0 1 00 50 5 0 1 5 200 10 1 0 1 0 5 30 30 0 0 0 10 1 20 2 0 150 0 5 3 50 45 50 40 00 1 00 0 30 1 0 0 100 1 3 150 15 0 3 5 0 5 0 1 10 0 50 35 50 100 25 2 150 0 35 2 3 35 5 35 40 0 40 15 5 2 50 20 0 2 20 30 5 3 0 5 5 3 0 2 15 1 0 0 1 5 0 1 40˚ 2 1 5 0 150 5 100 100 1 5 50 0 0 50 0 15 20 50 30 25 25 0 200 25 30 3 200 150 10 20 25 150 50 35 25 50 10 250 1 0 0 5 5 5 0 1 0 5 0 2 3 5 30 50 0 2 3 40 20 1 0 0 0 5 0 35 2 0 5 200 0 1 3 10 0 1 40 0 0 0 30˚ 4 1 0 15 50 5 1 0 40 2 0 0 2 35 0 0 WAC WAC 100 50 15 20 0 0 60˚ e SL2013sv (Vs=4.38 km/s) - 110 km f 4 2 30 0 dVs/Vs 20 40 50 80 10 60 0 5 EEC 7 30 EEC 80 10 5060 80 70 7060 TESZ 40 5040 50˚ 20 20 10 30 30 20 10 20 20 10 0 0 % 2 10 10 40˚ 20 20 10 4 0 30˚ -5 0 40 3 WAC A North Atlantic Ocean Baltica Shield 60˚ Oslo Neogene-Quaternary Rift VG MFG Tornquist Zone Paleogene Rockall WCG Through 50˚ North Mesozoic Sea EURASIA Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) Paleozoic/ Precambrian basement Major Alpine Western normal and reverse Approaches HZ faults Basin AR RM Paleozoic and Mesozoic Bohemian Ca rp faults (with reactivation) Massif a th Bay of Biscay RG i an s Cenozoic magmatism MC Alps Pannonian N.Dobrogea Basin Pyrenees Apennines Dinarides Adriatic Sea Moesia Gulf of Lion Iberian Ranges Liguro- IBERIA provençal Basin Hellenides Tyrrhenian Betics Sea Alboran Algerian Sea Basin Rif m i s Tell C r Aegean a p Meseta Mid.