Petroleum Hydrocarbon Gases CAD Final – 10/21/09 HPV Consortium Registration # 1100997 PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON GASES CATEGORY ANALYSIS AND HAZARD CHARACTERIZATION Submitted to the US EPA by The Petroleum HPV Testing Group www.petroleumhpv.org Consortium Registration # 1100997 October 21, 2009 Page 1 of 145 Petroleum Hydrocarbon Gases CAD Final – 10/21/09 HPV Consortium Registration # 1100997 PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON GASES CATEGORY ANALYSIS AND HAZARD CHARACTERIZAION Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................. 4 1. DESCRIPTION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON GASES CATEGORY ....................................................................... 6 2. PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON GASES CATEGORY RATIONALE ............................................................................... 8 3. PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON GASES CATEGORY MEMBER SELECTION CRITERIA ............................................. 10 4. PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ...................................................................................................... 11 4.1 Physical-Chemical Endpoints ................................................................................................................ 11 4.1.1 Melting Point ...................................................................................................................................... 11 4.1.2 Boiling Point ....................................................................................................................................... 12 4.1.3 Vapor Pressure .................................................................................................................................. 12 4.1.4 Octanol:Water Partition Coefficient (Log Kow) ............................................................................ 13 4.1.5 Water Solubility ................................................................................................................................. 13 4.2 Assessment Summary for Physical-Chemical Endpoints ................................................................... 14 5. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE ............................................................................................................................. 14 5.1 Environmental Fate Endpoints ............................................................................................................. 15 5.1.1 Photodegradation ............................................................................................................................... 15 5.1.1.1 Direct Photodegradation .............................................................................................................. 15 5.1.1.2 Indirect Photodegradation ........................................................................................................... 15 5.1.2 Stability in Water (Hydrolysis) ......................................................................................................... 16 5.1.3 Environmental Distribution (Fugacity) ........................................................................................... 16 5.1. Biodegradation ........................................................................................................................................ 17 5.2 Assessment Summary for Environmental Fate ................................................................................... 17 6. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ...................................................................................................................... 18 6.1 Aquatic Toxicity ..................................................................................................................................... 18 6.2 Aquatic Endpoints – Acute Toxicity ..................................................................................................... 18 6.4 Assessment Summary for Environmental Effects ............................................................................... 20 7. HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS ...................................................................................................................................... 20 7.1 Acute Toxicity ...................................................................................................................................................... 21 7.2 Repeated-Dose Toxicity ....................................................................................................................................... 23 7.3 In Vitro Genetic Toxicity .................................................................................................................................... 26 7.4 In Vivo Genetic Toxicity ..................................................................................................................................... 30 7.5 Developmental Toxicity ....................................................................................................................................... 32 7.5 Reproductive Toxicity ..................................................................................................................................... 34 7.6 Petroleum Hydrocarbon Gases Human Health Effects Read Across Method ............................................... 38 7.7 Human Health Effects Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 40 8. EXPOSURE ............................................................................................................................................................... 40 8.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................................... 41 8.2 Product Specifications ..................................................................................................................................... 41 8.3 Exposure Scenarios ......................................................................................................................................... 43 8.3.1 Environmental Exposure ......................................................................................................................... 43 8.3.2 Occupational Exposure ............................................................................................................................ 43 8.3.3 U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board ....................................................................... 45 8.3.4 Industry Standards and Recommended Practices ................................................................................. 45 8.7 Exposure to Children ...................................................................................................................................... 46 9. Data Matrixes ........................................................................................................................................................ 46 10. Petroleum Hydrocarbon Gases Category Analysis Conclusions ..................................................................... 59 11. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................... 61 12. LIST OF APPREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................................................... 67 13. GLOSSARY ......................................................................................................................................................... 69 Appendix 1 Petroleum Hydrocarbon Gases Category Members by CASRN ...................................................... 73 Page 2 of 145 Petroleum Hydrocarbon Gases CAD Final – 10/21/09 HPV Consortium Registration # 1100997 Appendix 2 Petroleum Hydrocarbon Gases Category Member Component Concentration Ranges By CASRN ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 86 Appendix 3 Key Studies for Petroleum Hydrocarbon Gases hydrocarbon and Inorganic Constituents ........ 106 Appendix 4 Literature Evaluated for Selection of C1-C4 Key Studies .............................................................. 124 Appendix 5 Human Health Data Matrix Dilution Calculations (separate EXCEL™ document) List of Tables Table 1. Petroleum Hydrocarbon Gas Components ................................................................................................ 8 Table 2. Examples of Category Member TSCA Definitions and Typical Constituent Composition ................ 10 Table 3. Results of EQC Level 1 Environmental Distribution Modeling of Important Components in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Gases ................................................................................................................................ 17 Table 4. Acute Toxicity Data for Petroleum Hydrocarbon Gas Constituents to Aquatic Organisms .............. 18 Table 5. Results of Level 3 Fugacity modeling and Calculation of Water Concentration ................................. 19 Table 6. LP Gas Specifications (GPA, 1997) .......................................................................................................... 41 Table 7. Test fuel specifications for natural gas1 (EPA, 40 CFR 1065.215) .......................................................