A Grammar of Teiwa Mouton Grammar Library 49 Editors Georg Bossong Bernard Comrie Matthew Dryer De Gruyter Mouton A Grammar of Teiwa by Marian Klamer De Gruyter Mouton ISBN 978-3-11-022606-5 e-ISBN 978-3-11-022607-2 ISSN 0933-7636 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Klamer, Margaretha Anna Flora. A grammar of Teiwa / by Marian Klamer. p. cm. Ϫ (Mouton grammar library; 49) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-11-022606-5 (alk. paper) 1. Teiwa language (Papuan) Ϫ Grammar. I. Title. PL6621.T49K53 2010 4971.4945Ϫdc22 2010010874 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ” 2010 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 10785 Berlin/New York Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ϱ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Acknowledgements The research for this book was conducted as part of the NWO Innovative Research (‘Vernieuwingsimpuls’) project ‘Linguistic variation in Eastern Indonesia’, granted to me by the Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) in 2002. Fieldwork in 2004 was partly funded by the Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project. First and foremost, I am grateful to the Teiwa speakers. Pak Amos Sir was the one who convinced me to work on Teiwa back in 2003, when I arrived in Alor to start my first field work and was considering which language to work on. Over the years, Pak Amos has been supportive in many ways. In the spring of 2009, he send corrections for the Teiwa word list that I had compiled. I would like to apologize to him for the errors that undoubtedly remain in the word list as it is given in the appendix of this book — they are my responsibility. Lorens Titing was the main fieldwork consultant in 2003, and has spent many dedicated hours of helping me to transcribe, gloss and translate Teiwa texts. He also introduced me to his family and other members of the village of Madar on Pantar island. Thank you, Lorens, for all your help. In Madar, I made most of the recordings. My thanks are due to the speakers who were willing to tell the stories that make up the Teiwa corpus; they are listed in chapter 1. In 2004 and 2007, I worked together with consultants Kri Aser Pering, Kri Seprianus Pering, Kri Justus Wa’ang, and Kri Menason Wa’ang. Their profound knowledge of Teiwa, combined with their ability to have insightful and focused discussions about it in Indonesian, has been of invaluable help. I cannot thank them enough. Bpk Barnabas Titing and his wife welcomed me into their home, and introduced me to the church and other village members. I am grateful for the many delicious meals we had together, their hospitality and their kindness. The church congregation in Madar also gave me a warm welcome, and the choir provided some Teiwa songs for the corpus. To everyone in Madar I would like to say: Yumbangan dum-dum! This project would not have been possible without the official support of a great many institutions and people. The Department of Linguistics of the Atma Jaya Catholic University in Jakarta, in particular Prof. Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, and the Max Planck Institute Field Station in Jakarta, in particular David Gil, Uri Tadmor, and Antonia Soriente, helped with obtaining the necessary permits. In Kupang, the project was supported by Bpk Thom Therik and Ibu June Jacob (Artha Wacana Christian University), and Bpk John Haan (Undana University). On Alor, it was supported by Bpk Bupati Ansgerius Takalapeta and his wife, and Bpk Daniel Bekak (Kalabahi Tribuana Christian University) who provided invaluable advice on many official vi Acknowledgements matters. Pak Chris Dani in Kalabahi helped to solve many practical issues over the years, from collecting us at the airport, to buying a motor bike. In Kupang, I often stayed with Madah Biha and his family, and it felt like home. Neil Johnston (SIL) rented his house in Kalabahi to us in 2003 so that our family of four (and a half) could leave our crowded hotel room to move into a completely furnished and comfortable home. Louise Baird and František Kratochvíl were my colleagues in the ‘Linguistic variation in Eastern Indonesia’ research project from 2002-2007. To them I owe many inspiring hours of preparing for fieldwork, sharing experiences and ideas, and discussing the languages of Alor and Pantar. Peter Newman, Louise’s husband, volunteered to help with archiving, technical issues and building the project’s website. Later on, Tom Hoogervorst translated the local Malay translations of the texts into standard Indonesian for archiving purposes. Over the years, numerous people gave comments on various parts of this grammar, whether in written form, orally presented, or in conversation. To the following colleagues I owe special thanks: Ger Reesink read drafts of chapter 4, 5, and 6 back in 2005-2006 and provided very important feedback for later revisions; Hein Steinhauer, Susanne Rodemeier and Malcolm Ross read and commented on chapter 1 and saved me from making some strange errors; František Kratochvíl, Gary Holton and Louise Baird graciously provided additional details based on their own fieldwork for the language maps in Chapter 1; Rob Goedemans commented on the prosodic structure of Teiwa as described in chapter 2; John Roberts, Caterina Mauri and Andrea Sanso, while preparing a volume on realis marking, gave useful feedback on the description of realis marking in Teiwa in chapter 7; Pete Budd did the same; Andrej Malchukov commented on the description of the various functions of ma ‘come’, as presented in chapter 9; Sasha Aikhenvald read and commented on chapter 9; and Geert Booij proof-read the entire manuscript, suggesting important revisions before it was submitted at Mouton. After submission, Matthew Dryer, as the Mouton reviewer, meticulously read all the chapters. His comments and insightful data questions often forced me to go back to the corpus, re-think the analysis, or revise the description. His input has lead to many substantial improvements, and I am very grateful for the time and care he put into this work. In Leiden, finishing this book alternated with several semesters of teaching at the Research Master in Linguistics at the Leiden University Centre for Linguistics. I thank the colleagues and students that make it such a privilege to work there. Parts of this book have been published, or are in the process of being published separately (Klamer, In press; forthcoming a; forthcoming c). Acknowledgements vii Finally, I would like to thank Reinoud Veenhof, my husband, for his company and support, without which this book could not have been written. I am particularly grateful for his enthusiasm to come along in the first fieldwork, for which he took an unpaid leave. I also thank him for his love and dedication during my subsequent long absences in 2004 and 2007. For many weeks he combined his own demanding job with the care of our three small children at home. In addition, throughout the project Reinoud helped me with transfer and storage of digital data, and the maintenance of my laptops. He designed the maps in chapter 1, and spent many hours in the summer and winter breaks of 2009 helping me to prepare the camera ready copy for Mouton. In 2003, our daughter Rienje (then 5 years old) and son Jan (then 2 years old) and Thomas (as an unborn baby) set their own special record of being the first western children ever to visit Madar on Pantar island. Their local names feature in example (104) and (105) of chapter 5. To the four of them: Reinoud, Rienje, Jan and Thomas, I dedicate the book, with all my love. From the rising of the sun to its setting the name of the Lord is to be praised (Psalms 113, 3). viii Acknowledgements Table of contents Acknowledgements v Abbreviations xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Teiwa: affilation, location, and number of speakers 1 1.2 Geography of Pantar and Alor 3 1.3 Current linguistic situation on Alor and Pantar 7 1.4 Notes on the history of Alor and Pantar 13 1.5 Religion 15 1.6 Anthropological notes 16 1.7 On the genetic affiliation of the languages of Pantar and Alor 20 1.8 The general typological profile of Teiwa 25 1.9 The typological profile of Teiwa in the Papuan context 30 1.10 The research 32 1.10.1 Methodological approach, data collection and fieldwork 32 1.10.2 The corpus 34 1.10.3 Data archiving 36 2 Phonology 37 2.0 Introduction 37 2.1 Segments 37 2.1.1 Segment inventory 37 2.1.2 Description of the consonants 38 2.1.3 Description of the vowels 42 2.1.3.1 General description 42 2.1.3.2 Long lexical vowels 43 2.1.3.3 Phonetically long vowels 44 2.1.3.4 Vowels and the phonetic effects of the pharyngeal fricative 45 2.2 The syllable 46 2.2.1 Syllable structure 46 2.2.2 Consonant phonotactics and consonant clusters 48 2.2.3 Vowel sequences 50 2.2.4 Stress assignment 52 x Table of contents 2.2.4.1 Basic patterns 52 2.2.4.2 Stress and the Realis suffix 55 2.2.4.3 Stress and possessor prefixes 55 2.2.4.4 Stress and object prefixes 57 2.3 The prosodic word 58 2.4 Prosodic compounds 60 2.5 Reduplication 61 2.6 Orthographic conventions 64 2.7 Summary 66 3 Word classes 67 3.0 Introduction 67 3.1 Nouns 67 3.1.1 Classes of nouns 67 3.1.2 Nominal compounds 70 3.1.3 Derived nominals 75 3.2 Pronouns 76 3.2.1 Subject, object and possessor pronouns 77 3.2.2 Dual pronouns 82 3.2.3 ‘X and they’ pronouns 83 3.2.4 ‘X alone’ pronouns 83 3.2.5 ‘X as a group