A GRAMMAR OF BOUYEI ATTASITH BOONSAWASD A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (LINGUISTICS) FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY 2012 COPYRIGHT OF MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY Thesis entitled A GRAMMAR OF BOUYEI ………………………………...………… Mr. Attasith Boonsawasd Candidate ………………………………...………… Prof. Somsonge Burusphat, Ph.D. Major advisor ………………………………...………… Assoc. Prof. Sujaritlak Deepadung, Ph.D. Co-advisor ………………………………...………… Miss Pattama Patpong, Ph.D. Co-advisor Go Abroad ………………………………………… Prof. Shoichi Iwasaki, Ph.D. Co-advisor ………………………………...…… .…………………………………………. Prof. Banchong Mahaisavariya, Miss Sumittra Suraratdecha, Ph.D. M.D., Dip Thai Board of Orthopedics Program Director Dean Doctor of Philosophy program in Linguistics Faculty of Graduate Studies Research Institute for Languages and Mahidol University Cultures of Asia, Mahidol University Thesis entitled A GRAMMAR OF BOUYEI was submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Linguistics) on March 30, 2012 ………………………………...………… Mr. Attasith Boonsawasd Candidate ………………………………...………… Assoc. Prof. Thanyarat Panakul, Ph.D. Chair ………………………………...………… Prof. Somsonge Burusphat, Ph.D. Member Go Abroad ………………………………………… ………………………………...………… Prof. Zhou Guoyan, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof. Sujaritlak Deepadung, Ph.D. Member Member Go Abroad ………………………………...…… ………………………………………… Prof. Shoichi Iwasaki, Ph.D. Miss Pattama Patpong, Ph.D. Member Member ………………………………...…… .…………………………………………. Prof. Banchong Mahaisavariya, Assoc. Prof. Duangporn Kamnoonwatana, M.D., Dip Thai Board of Orthopedics M.A. Dean Director Faculty of Graduate Studies Research Institute for Languages and Mahidol University Cultures of Asia Mahidol University iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deep gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility of completing this dissertation. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Prof. Somsonge Burusphat whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in all the time of research. I have furthermore to thank Assoc. Prof. Sujaritlak Deepadung, Assoc. Prof. Thanyarat Panakul and Ms. Pattama Patpong for their valuable advice and guidance in this research. I am very much thankful to the Thailand Research Fund for giving me a chance to study and to do my research in China and the U.S.A. During the study at Mahidol University and doing my dissertation, I was fully supported by the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program Scholarship from the Thailand Research Fund. I am highly obliged and am grateful to Prof. Zhou Guoyan from the Kam- Tai Institute, Central University for Nationalities, for providing me the informant, many useful documents and the facility of accommodation of my stay during the field work in Beijing, P.R. China. I am highly indebted to Prof. Shoichi Iwasaki, the Director of Asian Language Department, University of California, Los Angeles, for offering his valuables comments and suggestions for improvements in analytical and presentational aspects of this work. I would also like to thank Ms. Barbara S. Gaerlan, Assistant Director of UCLA Center for Southeast Asian Studies, for providing me many useful documents and a convenient office for writing my thesis during my stay in the USA. My sincere thanks go to my informant, Mr. Huang Zhenbang for sparing me his time with patience on this research. His knowledge of the English language facilitated my work. Without his help and kind cooperation, this study would not have come into existence. A number of other people also helped me in various ways. Mr. Wang Qingsheng, Mr. Cai Chen, Ms. Peng Lin, and Ms. Kansinee Jatupornpimon helped me to translate the Chinese texts into English and vice versa. Mr. Nontawat Sroymalee helped me with various computer solutions. Ms. Pranee Seenak helped me to prepare many things before I left for China and the U.S.A. Mr. Anthony E. Burr and Mr. Shane Goodoff revised the English of an earlier draft. I gratefully acknowledge their support. Finally, I am grateful to my family for their financial support, encouragement and love. The usefulness of this thesis, I dedicate to my parents Mr. Anan and Mrs. Sommai Boonsawasd, my aunt Ms. Yawalak Mankong, and my sister Ms. Nuntiya Boonsawasd. Attasith Boonsawasd Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis / iv A GRAMMAR OF BOUYEI ATTASITH BOONSAWASD 5036131 LCLG/D Ph.D. (LINGUISTICS) THESIS ADVISORY COMMITTEE: SOMSONGE BURUSPHAT, Ph.D., SUJARITLAK DEEPADUNG, Ph.D., PATTAMA PATPONG, Ph.D., SHOICHI IWASAKI, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to describe the grammar of the Bouyei language including phonology, morphology, and syntax. This language is mainly spoken and written in the south, the southwest, and the central parts of Guizhou in China by approximately 2,500,000 speakers. It belongs to the Kam-Tai branch of the Tai-Kadai language family. All data collected from relevant documents and the native Bouyei informants living in China were analyzed with the computer software programs FieldWorks Language Explorer, PRAAT, and Phonology Assistant. The approach of the study is based on the tagmemic theory, initiated by Kenneth L. Pike in the 1950s. The study revealed that the Bouyei language was influenced by Mandarin Chinese in all ranks of grammatical hierarchy, especially phonemes and morphemes, because of language contact. However, the syntactic structure of the Bouyei language is mostly still similar to other Tai-Kadai languages. KEY WORDS: BOUYEI LANGUAGE / GRAMMAR / TAI LANGUAGES 238 pages Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis / v ไวยากรณ์ภาษาปูยี A GRAMMAR OF BOUYEI อรรถสิทธ์ิ บุญสวสั ด์ิ 5036131 LCLG/D ปร.ด. (ภาษาศาสตร์) คณะกรรมการที่ปรึกษาวิทยานิพนธ์: สมทรง บุรุษพัฒน์, Ph.D., สุจริตลักษณ์ ดีผดุง, Ph.D., ปัทมา พัฒน์พงษ์, Ph.D., Shoichi Iwasaki, Ph.D. บทคดั ยอ่ วตั ถุประสงคข์ องการวจิ ยั ในคร้ังน้ีเพื่อศึกษาไวยากรณ์ภาษาปูยีต้งั แต่ระบบเสียง ระบบ คา จนถึงระดับโครงสร้างประโยค ภาษาปูยีมีผู้พูดประมาณ 2,500,000 คน ส่วนใหญ่อาศยั อยู่ บริเวณตอนใต ้ ตะวนั ตกเฉียงใต ้ และตอนกลางของมณฑลกุย้ โจว ประเทศสาธารณรัฐประชาชนจีน ภาษาน้ีจดั อยู่ในตระกูลภาษาไท-กะได สาขากมั -ไท ขอ้ มูลท้งั หมดซ่ึงเก็บรวบรวมจากเอกสารที่ เกี่ยวข้องและผู้บอกภาษาชาวปูยีซ่ึงอาศัยอยู่ในประเทศจีนได้น ามาวิเคราะห์ด้วยโปรแกรม FieldWorks Language Explorer, PRAAT และ Phonology Assistant โดยอาศัยทฤษฎี ไวยากรณ์แทคมีมิคซ่ึงริเร่ิมโดย Kenneth L. Pike ในทศวรรษ 1950 เป็นแนวทางในการศึกษา วิเคราะห์ ผลการศึกษาพบว่า ภาษาปูยีได้รับอิทธิพลจากภาษาจีนกลางในทุกล าดับข้ันทาง ไวยากรณ์ โดยเฉพาะระดบั หน่วยเสียงและหน่วยคา อนั เนื่องมาจากการสัมผสั ภาษา อยา่ งไรก็ตาม ใน ระดบั โครงสร้างประโยค ภาษาปูยยี งั คงมีลกั ษณะคลา้ ยคลึงกบั ภาษาอื่น ๆ ในตระกูลภาษาไท-กะได อยมู่ าก 238 หน้า vi CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) iv ABSTRACT (THAI) v LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 Objective of the study 3 1.3 Expected outcomes 3 1.4 Hypotheses 3 1.5 Scope of the study 4 1.6 Terminology of the study 4 1.7 Brief information of Bouyei 7 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 13 2.1 Grammatical theories 13 2.1.1 Traditional grammar 13 2.1.2 Structural grammar 15 2.1.3 Tagmemics 15 2.1.4 Transformational grammar 17 2.1.5 Case grammar 20 2.1.6 X-Bar theory 21 2.1.7 Systemic functional grammar (SFG) 23 vii CONTENTS (cont.) Page 2.2 Research on the Bouyei language 25 2.2.1 Language affiliation 25 2.2.2 Bouyei orthography 26 2.2.3 Bouyei phonology and syntax 28 2.3 The status of research on Tai-Kadai studies 35 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 41 3.1 Theoretical framework 41 3.1.1 Phonemic procedures 41 3.1.2 Syntactical approach 42 3.2 Data collection 44 3.2.1 Data 44 3.2.2 Fieldwork 48 3.2.3 Informants 49 3.3 Data analysis 50 CHAPTER IV PHONOLOGY 53 4.1 Syllable 53 4.1.1 The basis of description 53 4.1.2 Structure 54 4.2 Tones 55 4.2.1 Tone system and tone features 55 4.2.2 Phonemic contrasts 61 4.3 Vowels 62 4.3.1 Phonemic inventory and description 62 4.3.2 Phonemic contrasts 66 4.4 Consonants 68 4.4.1 Phonemic inventory and description 68 4.4.2 Phonemic contrasts 80 viii CONTENTS (cont.) Page 4.5 Co-occurrence of consonants and vowels 82 4.6 Loan consonants and vowels 83 CHAPTER V MORPHOLOGY AND WORD 85 5.1 Word formation 85 5.1.1 Affixation 86 5.1.2 Compound 89 5.1.3 Reduplication 94 5.2 Word classes 97 5.2.1 Noun-related words 97 5.2.1.1 Nouns 97 5.2.1.2 Pronouns 104 5.2.1.3 Demonstratives 107 5.2.1.4 Prepositions 108 5.2.1.5 Classifiers 110 5.2.1.6 Numerals 113 5.2.2 Verb-related words 118 5.2.2.1 Verbs 118 5.2.2.2 Auxiliary verbs 127 5.2.2.3 Negators 131 5.2.3 Modifying words 131 5.2.3.1 Adjectives 131 5.2.3.2 Adverbs 133 5.2.3.3 Intensifiers 135 5.2.4 Miscellaneous words 136 5.2.4.1 Linkers 136 5.2.4.2 Particles 138 5.2.4.3 Question words 141 5.2.4.4 Exclamatives 144 ix CONTENTS (cont.) Page CHAPTER VI PHRASE 146 6.1 Major phrases 146 6.1.1 Nominal phrases 146 6.1.1.1 Noun phrases 146 6.1.1.2 Pronoun phrases 153 6.1.1.3 Nominal phrase compound 154 6.1.2 Verb phrases 156 6.1.2.1 Pre-verbal modifiers 157 6.1.2.2 Post-verbal modifiers 159 6.1.2.3 Serial verb construction 163 6.2 Minor phrases 168 6.2.1 Numeral phrases 168 6.2.2 Adverb phrases 170 6.2.3 Prepositional phrases 171 6.2.4 Temporal phrases 173 CHAPTER VII CLAUSE AND SENTENCE 177 7.1 Clauses 177 7.1.1 Independent clauses 177 7.1.1.1 Transitive clauses 181 7.1.1.2 Intransitive clauses 181 7.1.1.3 Ditransitive clauses 182 7.1.1.4 Descriptive clauses 183 7.1.1.5 Locative clauses 184 7.1.1.6 Motion clauses 184 7.1.1.7 Directional clauses 186 7.1.1.8 Propulsion