May 2002 • NREL/TP-620-32155 Green Power Marketing Abroad: Recent Experience and Trends Lori Bird National Renewable Energy Laboratory Rolf Wüstenhagen University of St. Gallen (Switzerland) Jørn Aabakken National Renewable Energy Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 May 2002 • NREL/TP-620-32155 Green Power Marketing Abroad: Recent Experience and Trends Lori Bird National Renewable Energy Laboratory Rolf Wüstenhagen University of St. Gallen (Switzerland) Jørn Aabakken National Renewable Energy Laboratory Prepared under Task No. AS72.1006 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. 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Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: [email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Acknowledgments This work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. The authors also wish to thank the following reviewers for their thoughtful comments and suggestions: Allan Andersen of the Danish Society for the Conservation of Nature, Tore Brænd of the Norwegian Society for the Preservation of Nature, Paula Cribb of the Sustainable Energy Development Authority (Australia), Jon Dogterom of the Pembina Institute (Canada), Heddeke Heijnes of Greenprices (The Netherlands), Anne Louise Koefoed of the Norwegian School of Management, Sven Frauenfelder of Linder Kommunikation (Switzerland), Theresa Howland of Enmax (Canada), Tomas Kaberger of Ecotraffic (Sweden), Gero Lücking of Lichtblick (Germany), Maja Marlier of the ICHEC Business School (Belgium), Mika Ohbayashi of the Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies (Japan), Eveline Steinberger of Verbund (Austria), Ursula Stocker and Cornelia Brandes of Naturemade (Switzerland), Sven Teske of Greenpeace Energy (Germany), Sirkka Tepponen of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation, Elaine Waterson of the Energy Saving Trust (United Kingdom), and Blair Swezey and Larry Goldstein of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The authors would also like to thank Caroline Hopkins of the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation, Philip Lewis of the University of Vaasa (Finland), and Andrew Pape-Salmon of the Pembina Institute (Canada) for information they provided for early drafts. Lastly, the authors wish to thank Barbara Kündig for research support and Michelle Kubik of NREL for her editorial review. Acknowledgments ...................................................................1 Executive Summary.................................................................4 Introduction..............................................................................8 Method............................................................................................................... 9 Organization of the report .................................................................................. 9 Australia .................................................................................13 Power Industry Overview ................................................................................. 13 Green Power Marketing Activity....................................................................... 13 Policies Affecting the Green Power Market...................................................... 16 Outlook ............................................................................................................ 17 Canada....................................................................................18 Power Market Overview................................................................................... 18 Green Power Marketing Activity....................................................................... 18 Policies Affecting the Green Power Market...................................................... 21 Outlook ............................................................................................................ 21 Finland ....................................................................................22 Power Industry Overview ................................................................................. 22 Green Power Marketing Activity....................................................................... 22 Policies Affecting the Green Power Market...................................................... 23 Outlook ............................................................................................................ 24 Germany .................................................................................25 Power Industry Overview ................................................................................. 25 Green Power Marketing Activity....................................................................... 25 Policies Affecting the Green Power Market...................................................... 29 Outlook ............................................................................................................ 29 Japan ......................................................................................30 Power Market Overview................................................................................... 30 Green Power Marketing Activity....................................................................... 30 Policies Affecting the Green Power Market...................................................... 31 Outlook ............................................................................................................ 31 The Netherlands.....................................................................32 Power Market Overview................................................................................... 32 Green Power Marketing Activity....................................................................... 32 Public Policy Support for the Green Power Market .......................................... 35 Outlook ............................................................................................................ 36 Sweden ...................................................................................37 Power Industry Overview ................................................................................. 37 Green Power Marketing Activity....................................................................... 37 2 Policies Affecting the Green Power Market...................................................... 40 Outlook ............................................................................................................ 40 Switzerland.............................................................................41 Power Market Overview................................................................................... 41 Green Power Marketing Activity....................................................................... 41 Policies Affecting the Green Power Market...................................................... 44 Outlook ............................................................................................................ 44 United Kingdom .....................................................................45 Power Market Overview................................................................................... 45 Green Power Marketing Activity....................................................................... 45 Policies Affecting the Green Power Market...................................................... 48 Outlook ............................................................................................................ 48 Other Countries......................................................................49 Austria.............................................................................................................