沿岸域学会誌，Vol.28 No.1, pp.35－47 （Journal of Coastal Zone Studies） 2015 年 6 月 論 文 THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE OF MARINE SASI SYSTEM - A TRADITIONAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL MALUKU VILLAGES, INDONESIA Awwaluddin*, Xiaobo LOU**, Fang CHEN* ABSTRACT: Marine Sasi plays an important role in coastal resource management as a traditional and informal system in Maluku villages, Indonesia. The existence and performance of Sasi system and other indigenous knowledge practices in Indonesia were widely affected by various policies issued by the government. The sustaina- bility and functionality of Sasi system were weakened significantly in the 1970s due to the changes of village gov- ernment system. Meanwhile, the Sasi system has been predicted to be recovered after the implementation of local government system reformation in 2004. This paper tries to clarify the actual condition of marine Sasi system in Maluku villages during three different regimes, i.e., traditional, Centralization and Decentralization regime; and also to analyze the impacts of the changes in village government system to the structure of marine Sasi. The number of marine Sasi system was declined during the Centralization Regime, but has been increasing in the Decentralization regime as it was predicted. Meanwhile the structure of marine Sasi system was weakened during the centralization regime, but starting to improve in the Decentralization regime. Marine Sasi system is important for the Maluku vil- lages’ community members, but it is fragile to the changes of village government system. KEYWORDS: Marine Sasi, coastal resource management, indigenous knowledge, Maluku villages-Indonesia 1. Introduction biological natural resources”3). Sasi system has been Sasi plays an important role in coastal resource very important for Moluccan (Maluku’s community management; it is functioning as a traditional and members) due to the benefits that can be perceived informal system in Maluku villages, Indonesia. The by its implementation, and the benefits of Sasi sys- meaning of Sasi, literally is witness1) originally tem are: (1) producing good quality product; (2) came from the word saksi, rooted from Makassar maintaining the resources remain sustainable; (3) language 2). Sasi can be described as “prohibition on securing the resources and avoid theft, because of the harvesting of certain natural resources in an ef- the supervision by kewang (executor of Sasi system) fort to protect the quality and population of those members; and (4) avoiding social conflicts among * Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Graduate Student 1 ** Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Graduate School Professor 沿岸域学会誌/第28巻 第1号 2015. 6 −35− Awwaluddin・LOU・CHEN： the community members related to the use of natu- tal system and furthermore, the Sasi practices. For ral resources. instances, on one hand, “the sustainability and func- There are two types of Sasi differed by the type tionality of Sasi were weakened significantly in the of management body, namely Sasi adat (customary 1970s due to the changes of village government Sasi) and Sasi gereja (church Sasi)4). Customary system during the Centralization regime” 8). On the Sasi is the original Sasi that has been implemented other hand, “Sasi has been predicted to be recovered at Muslim and Christian villages for centuries, while after the implementation of local government sys- church Sasi is being implemented only at some tem that is also including the village government Christian villages to strengthen the customary Sasi. system reformation in 2004, during the Decentrali- The type of Sasi system by area is differed into 4 zation regime” 9). type, (i) land Sasi, (Sasi darat); (ii) marine Sasi However, the impact of drastic changes of vil- (Sasi laut); (iii) river Sasi (sasi sungai); and (iv) lage government system to Sasi system, specifically beach Sasi (sasi pantai)5), but mostly it is differed to marine Sasi was still unclear. Therefore, we first- only into two types, namely (i) (land Sasi); and (ii) ly aimed to clarify the actual condition of marine Sasi laut (marine Sasi)6). Land Sasi has been man- Sasi system during the traditional, Centralization aging land resources such as coconut, sago palm, and Decentralization regime by conducting the in- cacao, coffee, cloves, etc. Marine Sasi is a unique ventory of Sasi system in Maluku villages. Secondly, traditional coastal resources management system this paper also tries to analyze the impacts of the with zoning in village level. Marine Sasi has been changes in village government system to the struc- managing marine resources such as certain types of ture of marine Sasi system. fishes, corals, sea sand, sea cucumber, top shell (Trochus niloticus) by applying the seasonal closure 2. Research method management method, and “so far it has been proven The research took place on Lease Islands that resources managed by marine Sasi are relatively (Ambon, Haruku and Saparua Islands), Central stable and in good condition compare to other tradi- Maluku Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia tional management systems” 7). Meanwhile, the existence and perfor- mance of Sasi and other indigenous knowledge practices in Indonesia were af- fected by various policies issued by the Indo- nesian government. Nationally, at least three different regimes had ruled in the Republic of Indonesia, namely: Traditional Regime (1945 - 1966); Centralization Regime (1966 - 1998) and Decentralization Regime (1998 - at pre- sent). Each of those regimes had their own specific policies and regulations which have considerably affected the village governmen- Fig. 1 The research location on Ambon, Haruku and Saparua Island 2 沿岸域学会誌/第28巻 第1号 2015. 6 −36− THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE OF MARINE SASI SYSTEM - A TRADITIONAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL MALUKU VILLAGES, INDONESIA (Fig.1). Lease Islands comprises of 50 villages, and components of the structure of marine Sasi system many of them were well known for its Sasi system. (Table 2). Those variables were selected because The villages on Lease Islands were built along the those are the indicators that determine whether the coastal areas and most of the community members the marine Sasi system is still effectively function- of these villages still depend on the natural re- ing or failure. sources from the land and marine area. The research Table 1 Composition of resource persons in 12 selected method is divided into two methods, i.e. interview villages and mini questionnaire method. Village Kewang village other Selected govt. member elder community No officer members village 2.1 Interview method n%n%n%n % The interview method was conducted to collect 1 Tulehu 5 20 5 20 8 32 7 28 2 Tengah Tengah 5 20 5 20 6 24 9 36 qualitative data of the impacts of the changes in the 3 Seith 5 20 3 12 7 28 10 40 4 Haruku 5 20 5 20 5 20 10 40 village government system to Sasi system. The in- 5 Rohomoni 5 20 5 20 5 20 10 40 terview was mainly conducted to inventory the 6 Pelauw 7 28 3 12 7 28 8 32 7 Hulaliu 5 20 5 20 5 20 10 40 number of Sasi system within 50 villages on Lease 8 Siri Sori Islam 5 20 5 20 9 36 6 24 Islands and to see the development during the Tradi- 9 Paperu 5 20 5 20 7 28 8 32 10 Portho 5 20 5 20 5 20 10 40 tional, Centralization and Decentralization Regimes. 11 Ouw 5 20 5 20 3 12 12 48 The research was conducted in November 2012 and 12 Tuhaha 3 12 7 28 7 28 8 32 TOTAL 60 20 58 19 74 25 108 36 October 2013. Table 2 components of structure of marine Sasi system Regimes No Variables 2.2 Questionnaire method Trad. Cent. Dec. The role of village government The questionnaire method was conducted in or- 1 %%% in marine Sasi system der to quantitatively measure the impacts of the The role of kewang in the 2 %%% changes of the village government system to the implementation of Sasi system The surveillance and other 3 %%% structure of marine Sasi system. The mini question- control functions of kewang The coordination between government, naires were circulated to 25 respondents in each 4 %%% kewang and community members village of 12 selected villages. Those 12 villages The accessibility of the community 5 %%% were selected due to the existence of marine Sasi members in harvesting the marine The participation of community members 6 %%% system. The resource persons were village’s gov- in the implementation of marine Sasi ernment, kewang members, village’s elders and oth- 7 The effectiveness of the Sasi rules %%% 8 Community members ’ adherence on Sasi %%% er community members (Table 1). 9 Customary law in managing resources % % % 10 The condition of marine resources %%% Note: Trad. = Traditional, Cent.= Centralization, Dec.= Decentralizatio 2.3. Data Analyses The data set of all variables in Centralization In order to see the changes of the structure of and Decentralization regimes were tested with the marine Sasi system in Maluku villages during the Normal Distribution test and it was confirmed that three different regimes, the respondents were ex- the data are normally distributed (The data set of pected to give the percentage points (between 0 - Traditional regime were not tested, because the data 100%) of each variables. Those variables are the 3 沿岸域学会誌/第28巻 第1号 2015. 6 −37− Awwaluddin・LOU・CHEN： are uniform). The data were also analyzed by using H1: the data have no equality variances (p<.5) the one-way ANOVA (Analyses of Variance) based The ANOVA verified that mostly the components on the F test to compare the means of each variable of structure of marine Sasi system have significant means differences (Table 3) except for some varia- Table 3 The ANOVA of structure of marine Sasi system bles, i.e., the effectiveness of Sasi rules during the Sum of Mean NO Variables Squares df Square F Sig.